How do Caves, Arches, Stacks and Stumps occur?

Weathering and erosion can create caves, arches, stacks, and stumps along a headland.

• Caves occur when waves force their ways into cracks in the cliff face. The water contains sand and other materials that grind away at the rock until the cracks become a cave. Hydraulic action is the prodominant action.
• If the cave is formed in a headland, it will eventually break onto the…