A level history empire (full chapters condensed notes)

1863 to 1870- Egypt's foreign debt soared from £3 million to £100 million.

1873 -Gordon as governor of Equatoria.

Arabi Pasha- established the Egypt nationalist party, fostering nationalism in 1879.fostering a stronger national identity. 

In 1879-Arabi Pasha led a coup, compelling Tewfik to appoint a nationalist ministry.

British sips- Around 80% of British ships passed through the Suez Canal by 1880.

1880:Britain purchased 80% of Egypt's exports and supplied 44% of its imports.

1882:Anti-Christian riots erupted, resulting in 50 Europeans and 250 Egyptians killed in Alexandria.

The Gambetta note of 1882: demonstrated Anglo-French opposition to Arabi's rule.

Egypt's solvency- 1887, solvency was restored by the government, led by Baring.

The London Convention of 1888 provided a £9 million loan for stabilising debt, irrigation, and drainage canals.

From 1882 to 1902, 8% of government revenue was dedicated to agriculture.

1882 pasha court martialed

1883-Mahdist forces defeated Egyptian troops, with only 300 survivors out of 8000.

In 1901, tuition fees were raised.

On January 26, 1885, Mahdists breached Khartoum, killing Gordon and up to 50,000 troops.

The Battle of Omdurman on September 2, 1898, resulted in the near eradication of Mahdism. 52,000 dervishes, 20,000 troops led by Kitchener. Devrish army suffered 95% casualties, ⅕ dervishes killed upright, 5000 taken prisoner, around 4000 mahdist casualties

Sudan ambush- some 35,000–50,000 Sudanese tribesmen attacked the British lines in a disastrous series of charges

British success in Sudan was attributed to strong naval support and superior military strength. close to the bank of the Nile, where a twelve gunboat flotilla waited in support, britain had GB strength whereas Abdullahs fought with around 3000 cavalry

British interest in Sudan was driven by access to the Nile and trade routes.

The failure at Khartoum stemmed from the British reluctance to send military aid, relying instead on Gordon's evacuation efforts. (Gordon arrived in Khartoum in February 1884, finding it was safely occupied by a garrison of 7,000 Egyptian troops and 27,000 civilians. However three smaller garrisons, at Sennar, Tokar and Sinkat, were under siege by the Mahdists.)

India

• EIC Presidencies: Bengal (Calcutta), Madras

• 1786: EIC became a regularized subsidiary of the Crown.

• 1813 Charter: Opened India to missionaries, education reforms.

• Governor-General Lord Hastings (1813-1823): Introduced policy of paramountcy, asserting control over princely states.

• 1823-1826: Annexation of Sindh, Punjab, and Bengal.

• Sindh- under company rule by 1843

• Punjab- under company rule by 1849

• Bengal- under rule by 1757 (battle of plassey)

• 1833 Charter: Renewed EIC's charter, extended control for 20 years.

• Private EIC armies: Surpassed 200,000 soldiers by 1820.

• 1857: European soldiers reduced to fewer than 50,000.

• Widow Burnings: 438 recorded cases around a 30 mile radius of Calcutta by 1803.

• Sleeman: Fought against Thuggee, banned 1836, Kali worshippers.

• Bengal Sati Regulation (1829): Banned sati ritual; influenced by Bentinck and Wilberforce.

• Female Infanticide: Addressed by the Female Infanticide (Prevention) Act 1870.

• Missionaries: Sent by Baptists, Quakers,…