The Design Arguement

• 'Fifth way'
• Non rational beings act in a way that leads to the best result
• Aquinas EG: Arrow and archer.
• QUOTE: "non rational beings cannot move towards an end unless it is being directed by a being endowed with knowledge and intellegence"
• Non rational arrow direct to thier Telos by rational source, just as non intellegent arrow is directed by intellegent archer; non rational beings are directed by God
• EG: Grey whales: Travel 20,000 miles to breeding grounds, uninteligant so cant do it without guidance, someone must be leading them their
• Their behaviour patterns rarely change, result is always benifical, non rational beings must have a purpose, someone must be directing them to it.
• Based on benifical order:
• Many things work towards a purpose, this doesnt happen by chance
• Benifical order cannot be explained because the unvierse is not self-explanatory and doesnt show intellegence in its own right

Para 1

• Teleological Based on the greek word Telos (end/purpose), searching for the meaning& purpose in our universe

• Related to the progress of the world&its path towards the end goal

• 2 different forms:

• 1. anological: comparing 2 things to fidn similarites and differences
• 2. inductive: premise support the conclusion

Para 2

• 5 Key features of the worlds design:

• 1. Sutiability ideal conditions for human life

• 2. Beauty

• made for more than just survial

• 3. Order

• regularites in objects and law
• 4. Benifits more than just orderly structure, provides everything for humans
• 5. Purpose universe is full of ambicious beings, universe is working towards an ultimate purpose

• Anology of a watch
• if you came across a watch you would know it has been,
• QUOTE: "framed and put together for a purpose" not come about by chance.
• Compares complexity of living things to infior complexity of a watch
• Just as a watch cannot exisist without a watch maker, living things cannot exist without a creator. All parts unite to fulfil function and unity that cannot be explained by chance
• World also like a machine: intrictate parts that work towards an end for the benifit of the world as a whole
• Small adaptations in nature to aid survial EG: birds wings for flight, gills for fish are proof of designing intellegence
• Payley's EG: human eye, cant have evolved as its purpose was always to see, if any aspects were different it could not have worked. Only created by a very intellegnet designer, this is God
• Key principle: Like causes produce like effects: what is true of human designers producing inventions in our world is also true of God creating the far more complex universe.

Probability

• Swinburne
• Evidence of design and order increases the probability of God
  • Given universes size how can it behave in such a coherent way?
  • explaining the regularities in terms of other regularties would lead to infinite chain with no real explanation
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          • we could explain them as "Brute facts" but this wouldnt be sufficient
          • some things can be answered by science but we should look for another solution as:
      • "there is a complexity, particularity and finitude about the universe that cries out for an explanation" 
    • • Quote:
• An "omnipotent" being would be able to produce a world in these respects, this is God.

Providental universe:

Swinburne

• Design is also evident not just because of order and purpose but as it provides everything humans need for survival

• Works on the prinicple that: its been designed so mankind can regin supreme and natural laws function within so man can

• QUOTE: "contribute to its development and maintance"
• Arguement of probabilty: likelyhood that God exsists is greater than the probability he doesnt
• AE TAYLOR:
• nature has catered in advance for needs of animals and humans, but intelegence is needed to explain the "improbable state of affairs"
• Mind cannot be explained by evolution itself, since evolution needs a mind to create it
• Humans cannot be explained by just evolution as they dont just adapt to the enviroment
• QUOTE: "they transform it"
  

Asthetic arguement

Tennant

• Universe posses beauty that is not essential for life
• Nature is "saturated" with beauty

• nothing to do with evolution as it has "no survial value"

• Evidence for designing intellegence as it has no other purpose other than to be asthetically pleasing

• EG: beautiful sunsets or waterfalls

• Like swinburne tennant has

• cumilative arguement:
• Once aspects have been identified exsistance of a designer is more proable than not

• QUOTE: never accept beauty as " outcome of random activity"

Anthropic principle

Tennant

• Dont reject science as it can work alongside religion

• God planned key scienctific theories himself to make human life flourish

• QUOTE: "accidents of physics and astrology have worked together for our benifit"

• suggesting unvierse has always been preparing for human life

• Doesnt dismiss evolution and agrees human life was dependant on "certain primary conditions"

• but this didnt come about by "coincidence" but God had arranged them

• The big bang theory is the means in which the designer brought the universe to its common state
• The order in which the universe formed was beyond chance and
• QUOTE: "common sense is not foolish in suspecting the dice may have been loaded"

• world was intentionally created by an intellegent designer, this being God.