Sociology-Demography

Birth Rate= number of live births per thousand per year 

Total Fertitlity Rate (TFR)= average number of children women will have during their fertile years

There has been a long term decline of birth rates since 1900.

Here are some reasons:

• Change in Womens Positions 
• Decline in infant mortality rates
• Children are now economic liabilities

Death rate= deaths per thousand per year 

Life expectancy= how long an average person will live from birth. 

There has been a decline in death rates as:

• Tranter found that between 1850-1970 there was a fall in infectious diseases eg-smallpox
• Improved nutrition
• Medical improvements (1948 NHS)
• Smoking and Diet 
• Public Health Measures 

The ageing population is caused by -

• Increasing life expetancy 
• Declining infant mortality rate
• Declining fertility 

Ageism=a negative stereotype of people on a basis of their age. 

Phillipson= The old have no use to capitalism as they are no longer productive. Therefore the state are unwilling to support them adequetly therefore its down to the family to help them.

Modernity-exclusion from work makes old age a dependent status 

Postmodernity= age no longer determines identity.

Immigration= refers to movements into a society 

Emigration=refers to movement out.

Net Migrartion= difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants and is expressed as a net increase or net decrease due to migration. 

Globalisation= ther idea the barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries.