Sociology

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What does demography mean?
The study of changes in the population.
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What was the population in 1801?
10.5 million.
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What was the population in 1901?
37 million.
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What was the population in 2001?
61 million.
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By 2031 what is the estimated population?
71 million.
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When is a census carried out?
Every 10 years.
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Why does the government carry out a census?
They need to plan for housing, jobs, schools and nursery's, roads, training of public services.
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What are the 4 main factors that influence the size of a country's population?
Deaths, Births, Immigration, Emigration.
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What are the push factors for emigration?
Escaping poverty, persecution (to do with religious or political belief or sexuality). People may want freedom or better standards of living.
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What are the pull factors of emigration?
Joining family, better job opportunities, better healthcare and education and religious and political freedom.
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How has globalisation affected the UK?
More immigration from the EU. In 2014, EU immigrants made up 38% of all immigrants. More undocumented workers (illegal immigrants) who have been affected by push or pull factors but lack wealth to live here legally.
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How has globalisation affected the UK?
More asylum seekers, around 24000 people a year are asylum seekers. They try to escape persecution. Greater cultural diversity, creating hybrid families who's values derive from merging 2 cultures. Changing families, migrants have larger families.
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When were the two peak periods of immigration?
1930's, World War 2 (1945), refugees fleeing from Europe and immigrants from the common wealth up to the 1970's and the 1990's when immigrants from Eastern Europe came over.
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When was another peak period of immigration?
Since 2001, every European citizen has the right to live and work in any part of Europe. Migrant workers make key contributions to the country but now most countries are imposing strict restrictions.
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What are the strict restrictions?
People must be guaranteed a job before they're accepted into the country. This is leading to a breakup of many families.
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How to migrant workers make key contributions to the economy?
They take on jobs that are unwanted by British workers and play key roles in the provision of health and social care.
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How many families is the restrictions estimated to break up?
17,800.
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When has the birth rate increased?
During baby booms, economic booms and immigrants moving to UK.
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Why did the birth rate rise after the war?
Because it was celebrated and people put off having babies until after the war so there was a baby boom.
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Why did the birth rate rise in 1960?
There was an economic boom and immigrants (West Indies and Asians).
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Why did the birth rate rise in 2006?
There was an economic boom so people celebrated and had babies which caused an economic recession.
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Why did the birth rate rise in 1990's?
Eastern European immigrants came over and had babies.
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What is the general fertility rate?
The number of live births per 1,000 women of child bearing age (15-44).
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What is the total fertility rate?
The average number of children a woman will have during their child bearing years.
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How many children did a woman in 1961 have on average?
2.8
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How many children did a woman in 2012 have on average?
Under 2.00
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Why has the family size decreased?
Trend towards smaller families, more lone parent families and more one person households.
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What are the reasons for the decline in birth rate, fertility rate and smaller families?
Contraception, compulsory education, rising cost of having children, changing position of women., declining infant mortality rate, a geographically mobile workforce and changing values.
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Why contraception?
It is free, more reliable and allows couples, particularly women to have more control over their body. Family sizes can be planned.
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Why compulsory Education?
It was introduced in 1880. Children became an economic liability and no longer an economic asset so the birth rate decreased.
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Why is rising costs of children a reason?
Having fewer children means you can give the ones you have a better standard of living.
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Why is changing positions of women a reason?
Women have been influenced by feminism. They have equal opportunities, better educated and have good career prospects. They are choosing to marry later, have fewer children and have them later and some are choosing to be child free.
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Why is the declining infant mortality rate a reason?
The infant mortality rate has decreased from 95 per 1000 to 5 per 1000 live births. This is mainly due to better standards of living, immunisation, better anti natal and post natal care.
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Why is a geographically mobile workforce a reason?
According to Parsons Theory of Functional Fit, society needs a geographically mobile workforce. It is easier to travel with a smaller family eg nuclear.
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Why is changing values a reason?
As society has progressed, values have changed. What was seen as an acceptable family size in the 1800's, is no longer seen as acceptable today. Small family sizes are the norm because people want better standards of living.
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What was the life expectancy of a man in 1900's?
50
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What is the life expectancy of a man now?
76+
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What was the life expectancy of women in 1900's?
57
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What is the life expectancy of women now?
81+
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Why are people living longer?
Better medicine and healthcare, better public health measures and lifestyle changes.
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What does medicine and healthcare include?
Immunisation (protection against some diseases), medicines (treatment for some illnesses and infections), and surgery (can save lives or improve the quality of lives and extend lives).
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What does public health measures include?
Sewage disposal and rubbish disposal (limits spread of disease), clean water, proper housing (slum clearance after world war 2), NHS, benefits, cleaner air (reduced pollution, cuts down on industrial diseases etc).
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What does lifestyle changes include?
Better diets, more knowledge of diet and exercise, better jobs, increased affluence (higher pay, less poverty).
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What age is the highest rate of infant mortality amongst women?
Women over the age of 40 and under the age of 20.
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What age is the highest rate of infant mortality amongst babies?
Babies that are underweight, premature and multiple births.
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What causes underweight and premature babies?
Mothers who smoke. This is linked to social class, more w.c mothers smoke during pregnancy than m.c women.
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What is another reason for the infant mortality rate to be high in 1900's?
Fathers which are unemployed or low paid.
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What reasons are there for the decrease in infant mortality rate.?
Better ante-natal and post-natal care (regular checkups during and after pregnancy),healthier diets (nutritious), better living conditions (clean water, heating etc), control of infectious diseases (MMR etc), better sanitation and immunisation.
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What reasons are there for the decrease in infant mortality rate.?
Improvements in midwifery (assigned midwife throughout pregnancy), improvements in neo-natal care (health visitor, baby is monitored for few years), smaller family sizes means less disease is spread and fewer deaths among babies.
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Why is it more common for babies to die in working class families than middle class?
They can't afford nutrious food, this leads to an underdeveloped baby. They can't afford good living standards. Less likely to go for regular check ups at the doctors, and more likely to drink and smoke.
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Why do women live longer than men?
Women are less likely to be involved in road traffic accidents, men are more reckless. Women are less likely to die in work related incidents and tend to have a more healthy lifestyle&go to the doctor, men develop bad habits like drinking and eating.
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Why do men and women of the working class die on average 7 years before those of higher social classes?
Lower working class people may not be able to get time off work to see a doctor. May have poor living standards and an unhealthy diet due to lack of income. They're more likely to smoke and drink.
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What does McInnes point out?
There are more people over the age of 65 in the UK than children under the age of 15. Rising life expectancy means older people are effectively younger and healthier than in previous generations.
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What helped promote growth in the economy?
Demolishing the retirement age in 2011 means people can work longer which helps promote growth in the economy through continuous application of expertise and skills.
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How does an ageing population benefit society?
Boosts the economy, more community involvement, less crime, more family support.
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Why does it boost the economy?
Older people have more experience and skills, they can earn money for the country. Whilst they are working, they are still paying tax and national insurance, so while they have a good income, they have spending power too.
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Why is community involvement good?
Older people are more likely to be involved in the community eg neighborhood watch or doing voluntary work. Without old people, society would have fewer services.
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Why does is create less crime?
Older people are less likely to commit crime than younger people. However they are more vunrable to crime.
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Why does it mean more family support?
Older people offer family members a great deal of support, this could be through babysitting, childcare, but also lending their children money to buy first house/car or help them when they need financial support.
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How does an ageing population cause problems for society?
They are a growing burden of dependency, causes shortages of houses, more poverty, a loss of skill from the labour force, more single person households, more ill health or disability.
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Why is a growing burden of dependency bad a problem?
Although they aren't as active when they're older, they still rely on the state as they get older. The state has to pay retirement pensions and other benefits but may also need to provide healthcare and medicines, making them more dependent.
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Why would there be more poverty and family hardship?
When people retire, their incomes are drastically reduced (50%). This can lead to poverty, and retired people living on low incomes may not be able to afford a good diet or be able to socialise, it can cause hardship for the family who has to help.
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Why is a loss of skill from the labour force bad?
When people retire, they take with them a lifetime of skills and expertise. This can have negative consequenses on the economy, as it costs money for young people to be trained and costs time for them to get experience.
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Why is there more one person households?
Many old people will end up living alone for several years. Living on a pension may mean that they cannot afford a nutritious diet or to keep their homes. They can also become socially isolated.
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Why is there more ill health and disability?
As people age, their bodies naturally deteriorate, this means the last years of their lives are spent suffering from ill health and disability. As women live longer than men, women are more likely to spend their last few years in critic ill health.
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Why would there be housing shortages?
As people are living longer, they will occupy their homes for longer, this leads to a housing shortage for younger couples and families.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What was the population in 1801?

Back

10.5 million.

Card 3

Front

What was the population in 1901?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What was the population in 2001?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

By 2031 what is the estimated population?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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