Raine et al- Classic Research

Specialised functions.

Damage=change.

PHINEAS GAGE.

Frontal= personality, thinking.

Parietal= sensory.

Occipital= vision.

Temporal/Broca's Area= language and hearing.

Wernicke's Area= speech.

Nervous system made up of neurons.

Branches called dendrites.

Passed down axon.

Messages passed between synapses.

Neurotransmitters released from presynaptic vesicles, will stimulate or inhibit receptors in another neuron.

Dopamine, Serotonin, Adrenaline.

Theory of adaptiveness and natural selection.

genetically predetermined behaviour enhances chance of survival.

Good traits passed down generations.

Fears are adaptive behaviours e.g. snakes, spiders.

SELIGMAN= biological preparedness and inherited predisposition to fear.

Relationship Formation

Evolution= relationships form with people who have certain traits.

Neurotransmitters= dopamine, reward-driven behaviours.

Addiction

Role of Dopamine= mesolimbic pathway, DRD2/A1.

Pre-frontal Lobotomy/ Icepick Lobotomy

Affective disorders and OCD.

Fatality rate= 6%.

Affects intellect and emotional responsiveness.

Pre-frontal Leucotomy

Drill holes in sides of head, icepick to destroy nerve fibers.

Cingulotomy

Burn tissue by electrode/ gamma knife.

56% success in OCD.

65% in affective disorders.

Capsulotomy

Probe the capsule and heat tips of electrode.

67% success in OCD.

55% success in affective disorders.

DBS

Wires in brain hooked up to pacemaker trigger reaction to increase/decrease neurotransmitters.

Limited use, only 25 per year.

Only in extreme cases.

Can't treat schizophrenia.

Irreversible damage and personality changes.

Ability to give valid consent.

Vulnerable pps.

HEAD INJURY/BRAIN DAMAGE= 23

HYPERACTIVITY/LEARNING DISORDER= 3

PSYCHOTIC DRUG ABUSE= 3

DEPRESSION= 2

PERSONALITY DISORDER= 2

EPILEPSY= 2

SCHIZOPHRENIA= 6

NGRI charged with murder/manslaughter, 39 men, 2 women.

Matched by sex and age, schizophrenics matched.

Quasi in lab= no causal relationship.

Matched pairs= violent predisposition or psychological condition causing differences.

Gender bias.

Sample not typcial of violent offenders= population validity.

PET scans less precise than MRI.

Ethics= valid consent, psychological harm, right to withdraw.

Broader social implications.

Reductionist

Determinist.

Used to develop treatments that make society safer and protect from criminals.

Improves society and life of criminals while saving money.

CHEREK= male criminals reduced impulsivity after SSRI drug treatment altering levels of MAOA.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation used to improve educational performance.

TDCS can help in science.

KADOSH= TDCS improves cognitive functions.

Valid consent issues and lack of understanding.

MINISTRY OF JUSTICE= 20-30% prisoners and 23% young offenders have learning difficulties.

TDCS not available to all, gives wealthier students advantage.

UCAS= for every 3 poor students attending high tariff uni's, 21 from affluent backgrounds got places.