Psychology of Pain Evidence and Examples 0.0 / 5 ? PsychologyVisual SystemUniversityNone Created by: Psych951Created on: 28-12-18 11:39 Beecher 1956 - Psychology's role in Pain 25% Soldiers and 80% of civillians requested pain relief in hospital during WW2 despite having same degree of injury Pain represented end of the war so soliders percieved their pain less negatively 1 of 12 Cowen et al 2015 - Physiological Measures Monitor: Autonomic nervous system activity; Biopotentials (electrical activity across biological units; Neuroimaging; Biomarkers; Composite algorithms Objective and have other strengths such as detail Not validated enough - Self-report is an unreliable validation 2 of 12 Merkel et al 1997 - Observational measures FLACC behaviour scale Face = 0 no negative expression, 1 grimace/frown, 2 clenched jaw Legs = 0 normal/relaxed, 1 restless or tense, 2 kicking or drawn up Activity = 0 normal movements, 1 squirming or shifting, 2 rigid or jerking Cry = 0 no crying, 1 whimpers/complaints, 2 steady crying Consolability = 0 Content and relaxed, 1 Reassured by occasional hugs or talking distractions, 2 difficult to comfort 3 of 12 MPQ Questionnaire - Self-report measure 78 adjectives relating to senses, emotions and evaluations 18 languages covering duration, intensity quality, location 4 of 12 Verloot et al 2006 - Catastrophising Sample of school children and clinical sample of children with chronic pain Pain catastrophising significantly accounted for variance of pain, disability and somatic complaints and negative affect Mediated relationship between negative affect, somatic complains and functional disability 5 of 12 Connelly et al 2012 - Depression and anxiety E-diaries to evaluate components of emotion regulation in predicting daily pain and function Diary entries were used to calculate emotional variability and infer adaptive emotion modulation Greater variability of negative emotion predicted higher pain and activity limitation Attenuation of negative emotion reduced pain 6 of 12 Walker et al 2002 - Social factors Used social consequences of pain questionnaire Positive attention and activity restriction predicted greater symptom maintenance but this was moderated by self-worth and academic competence Success in social roles effect extent to which people identify with sick role and find it rewarding 7 of 12 Gilbert et al 2013 - ACT treatment ACT based residential treatment for 98 adolescents Pre-treatment, post-treatment and 3-month follow up - No significant reduction in pain intensity Improvements in physical functioning and pain specific variables Initial improvements in depression and psychosocial functioning but not at 3 months School absence and medication use reduced 8 of 12 Review studies - CBT treatment Van Tulder et al 2000 and Eccleston et al 2009 Helps to treat chronic pain in adults although sometimes effects were small Arguments that quality of care isn't improving but rather methodological measurements Very effective for children 9 of 12 Keogh 2008 - Sex differences Differences in pain perception and experience both in lab and natural settings - Women report more pain Differences in susceptibility - Women more pain in arthiritis but men in headaches Dependent on age - Reproductive years Differences in responses to treatments Sex hormones and health seeking behaviours 10 of 12 Tossani 2013 - Mental pain Mental pain involves emotions with a sense of loss or incompleteness Hard to define and issues of comorbidity At an increased intensity, psychological pain can lead to mental health issues and suicide Can help provide distress threshold Inhibited central pleasure and disinhibited central pain 11 of 12 Hadjistavropoulos et al 1996 - Pain judgements Social context is key to pain experience Use expressions rather than language to communicate pain Use cues to make judgements about others' pain e.g. eyebrow lowering or mouth opening Good at matching confidence to accuracy of judgements - Extreme expressions were identified more accurately than genuine or masked Training can be useful in understanding pain experience 12 of 12
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