June 2009 higher mark questions 0.0 / 5 ? BiologyF212ASOCR Created by: ashleighholmes23Created on: 29-05-16 09:06 Describe how the concentration of a reducing sugar Usind standard/ known concentration of reducing sugar Heat with Benedict's solution Use the same volume of solutions each time Use of excess Benedict's Changes from blue to green to yellow/orange to orange-red Remove precipitate - centrifuging and decanting Calibrate colorimeter using blank unreacted Benedict's using a red filter (because this is the colour of the desired final product) Reading of either transmission or absorption More transmission = more reducing sugar present Plotting transmission against reducing sugar concentration Reading of unknown sugar - read off graph to find concentration 1 of 3 Smoking could cause changes in alveoli Tar destroys cilia Tar results in overactive goblet cells - accumulation of mucus leads to infections/ bronchitis Neutrophils/ macrophages/ phagocytes/ monocytes invade Secrete elastase Elastic fibres destroyed Lower level of elastase inhibitor Alveoli fail to recoil Constriction of terminal bronchioles so coughing causes alveoli to burst Reducing surface area 2 of 3 B lymphocytes in the immune response Humoral response B lymphocytes carry antibodies on cell surface membrane These antobodies are complementary to only one antigen Clonal selection Activation of specific B lymphocyte by macrophages (T helper cells) Clonal expansion Selected cell divides by mitosis - clones B cells differentiate B cells form plasma cells - secrete antibodies that are complementary to antigen B cells form memory cells - provide immunological memory 3 of 3
Comments
No comments have yet been made