Global challanges case studies
- Created by: Jaylea
- Created on: 11-05-16 21:34
Vulnerablility factors examples
URBANISATION: mexico city earthquake 1985 demolished slum areas
POLITICAL CHANGE: hait between governments during hurricane jeanne 2004
ECONOMIC GROWTH: texas and atlantic coast at risk of hurricane damage e.g bridges that link barrier islands
GLOBALISATION: deforestation in the phillipines- tropical storm debbie, flash floods in 2012 carabbean
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION: new orleans river controll banks werent strong enough to cope with hurricane katrins
CLIMATE CHNAGE: el nino 1989 and 1977 worl wide effects, european floods 1999-2000 and draughts 2003&6
POPULATION CHANGE: greying population USA and japan
LAND PRESSURE: 85% population live on a floodplain in bangladesh
Local hazards
HATFIELD LANDSLIDE: 12/03/13, occured on a spoil heap, effected railways around the area and stainforth station
MARKET RISEN EARTHQUAKE: 2008, 5.2 magnitude, biggets in 25 years, strike slip fault 18.6m beneath linconshire, 19 year old boy crushed underneath a chimney, structural damage reported, powecuts
SHEFFIELD FLOODS: 2007, 1 months rainfall in a week, 2 people died, people evacuated and air lifted, loss of buisnesses, medowhall flooded, m1 closed
California hazards
EARTHQUAKES; occur along the ‘swarm’ of faults running north-south along the coast, san andreas fault line
VOLCANOES: potentially active in the Cascades Range,
TSUNAMI: the coastline can be at risk due to deep sea eathquales
FLOODS: flash floods in canyons can also result in landslides
WILD FIRE: driven by hot Santa Ana winds
Vulnerability in california
6% population lives on floodplain
Millions live on active faults in hudge urban centers
high canyons are perfect conditions for wildfires however rich people live there
realiable on cars making transport a big impact
large economy (8th biggest) vulnerable to economic losses
Californias capacity to cope
- Coping capacity is high. Efforts are co-ordinated by FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) and by the Governors Office
- The USGS advises on earthquakes and provides detailed information on areas at risk allowing emergency services to target areas where damage is likely to occur
- Building codes are strictly enforced
- Numerous preparedness systems are in place, from widespread education, to advice on household emergency kits, and warning systems for floods and tsunami.
Californias case study examples
1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE: happened in LA, killed 72, $12 billion losses
1964 ALASKIAN TSUNAMI: 9.2 magnitude, 119 killed, $300-400 million
2007 NAPA COUNTY WILDFIRE: 3800 acres burnt, 2 houses and 7 building destroyed including a school
HURRICANE KARTINA 2005: 1836 deaths, $81.2 billion losses
Philippines hazards
VOLCANOES: located along the pacific ring of fire
EARTHQUAKES: 100% of the country is at risk, on a destructive plate margin, can also
induce shallow landslides on steep slopes.
TYPHOONS: Sits on a typhoon track, and experiences around 20 per year (typically 2 of these are super-typhoons)
TSUNAMI: do occur, although the scattered islands tend to reduce risk
FLOODS: 30% counrty at risk
DROUGHT: caused by El Nino events effecting poorer south.
Vulnerability in philippines
high population density
low capaity to cope
scattered islands (7100) make it difficult to deliver aid to
lack of funding and expertise in management
basic protection along 32000km coastline
on a tropical typhoon belt and has warm ocean temperatures
Philippines capacity to cope
Cyclones cost the country around 0.5% of its GCP every year..
The scattered islands in the peripheral south are difficult to access and bring relief too.
On the positive side, the Philippines enjoys good relationships with the USA, which has brought aid in the past
The Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is high quality research centre
Philippines case studies
LUZON EARTHQUAKE 1990: 7.2 magnitude, $369 cost, 2412 deaths, 126035 homeless, 321 missing
TYPHOON HIYAN: 6340 deaths, 1061, $2.26 billion losses
1991 MT PINATUBO VOLCANO : major pyroclastic eruption with associated lahars and ash/tephra fall; successful evacuation limited the death toll to around 600 although economic losses were extensive
2006 Leyte MUDSLIDE: major mudslide following several days of heavy rain, in an area of deforestation and mining activity; probably triggered by a minor earthquake. Up to 1000 killed.
International organisation examples
IMF: 188 members, a global financial system
WORLD BANK: 188 members, international bank
WTO: 157 members, international trade
UN: 193, cooperation in international law, security, economic development, socail progress, human rights and world peace
NAFTA: 3 members (USA, canada, mexico) trade agreement
EU: 28 members: 30% wolrds GDP, trade agreement, free movement of goods and services aswell as people, common currency
TNC case study- Disney
income $50 billion
180000 employees
Eurodisney provides 30000 jobs
worlds 11th most valuable brand
230 linked satalitte and tv companies
owns spanish speaking radio station
728 shops world wide
2 theatre production companies
broadcast tv 24/day in north africa, middle east, europe, australia, malasya
Edvidence for short term climate change
INSTUMENTAL RECORDS: warming of the earths temperature of 0.74 C between 1900 and 2000, increase in ocean acidification ph has decreased from 8.25 to 8.14 since 1750, global sea levels are rising from 1961 to 1993 it rose 1.8 mm per year but rose to 3.1mm 1993 and 2003
ICE RESPONCE: melting of greenland icesheet has increased by 16%, artic sea ice is declinng by 8.5% per decade, 30 vslley glacies in 9 mountain ranges around the world are melting 3x faster then in the 1980s
Edvidence for medium term climate change
HISTORICAL RECORDS: indicates both a little ice age and a medieval warm period
TREE RINGS: wide rings reflect good growing conditions, narrow rings represent periods of climate stress
RETREATING GLACIERS: majority of glaciers reached thier most ercent maximum extent in 1850 which correlates with the little ice age and the colder temperatures in the 17th and 18th centuries, most glaciers have retreated since
Evidence for long term climate change
OXYEGEN ISOTOPE LEVELS: 200000 years ago the ice sheets were at thier maximum this means that the sea levels are much lower in glacial periods as mmore water i locked up as ice
CO2 LEVELS AND ICE CORE ANALYSIS: during cold ice ages the CO2 levels were low 180ppm wheras in warm interglacial periods CO2 levels are high arounds 280ppm
POLLEN SEQUENCES: birch trees live in cold artic condition evidence that the uk experienced an ice age
Direct impacts of climate change
the uks annual rainfall is expected to increase by 5% in 2020s and by 10% by the 2050s
the uk could experience a 200km shift northwards
up to 40% permafrost expected to thaw in siberia
the contrast in the uks weather is expected to get worse with the SE becoming driers and the NE becoming wetter
Indirect impacts of climate change
loss of habitats and species such as the polar bear
5.8C temerature increase suggest that 100 million people will be at risk to flooding
Food insecurity will dedline due to the higher risk of draught eg african where 75% population are subsistance farmers
melting of ice will raise the sea levels by 7m in the next 1000 years
a warming of 2-3 C would mean 300 million more people will be at risk of malaria
Artic case sudy
-40% permafrost is expected to thaw
-boreal ecosystems account for 37% of the worlds carbon sinks which will be lost allowing more CO2 in the atmosphere
-changes in marine ecosystems causing a negative multiplier effect
-herd animal like caribu have to change migration routes
-threatens 155000 inuits
-24 villages in alaska are at risk of flooding
-increased UV will reduce the amount of snow and ice destroying phytoplankton
-increased coastal erosion
-loss of hunting culture and a decline in food security
- the artic will be more accesable making it vulnerable to the exploitation of oil and gass
Africa case study
-water insecurity
- 70% counrty relay on agriculture and may not be able to feed themselves due to draught
- loss of biodiversity
coastal areas are vulnerable to flooding with sea levels expected to rise by 25cm for 2020 - 20% species face extinction
forest clearance for cash crops
-desertifiaction
Mumbai
-largest city in india with a population of 18.2 million
-its economic growth has slowed down
-quality of life is low and there is an increasing number of slums
-growin problems with congestion, pollution and water shortages
-at ruah hour trains tend to have 15 people per meter sqaured, 10 people die a day on railway networks, railways account for 66% journeys - construction of a 25km bringe for the villages opposire the CBD, 160 energy efficiant trains are being built
-40% population live in shanty towns with 300000 people being homeless- aim to build 1.1 million low cost homes, dharavi prodject to build 7 story appartement building to house slum dwellars
-50% of the total workforce work in the informal sector- 200000 new service sector jobs, 200000 jobs in new industrial zone
-breathing air in bombay is equivalant to smoking 10 ciggarettes a day- 325 new greenspaces are being established
Los Angeles
TRANSPORT/ URBAN SPRAWL: noise barriers, clean air act, car pooling
AIR QUALITY: 1130 tonnes of noxios gass was being created- clean air act
WATRER: high population was putting a strain on the water supply- seal canals to reduce the loss, new reservois
SOCIAL: prositution and gang rivalry- new toucher policies that are costly but effected
Curitiba
RECYCLING: recycling teams, recycles 2/3
GREEN EXCHANGE: people can swap recycling for food or bus tickets, 300 tonnes per month
INTIGRATED BUS SYSTEM: bus only lanes, 1 fair anywhere, travel time is halved, only 10% of income is spent on travell to worl, 75% workers catch the bus, buses carry up to 4000 people per day
PEDESTRIANISATION: bulit a shopping area in 72 hours that in pedestrian only to stop cars congestint the area
PARKS AND GREEN SPACES: river banks made into parks, deivert water, old factories are made into sporting facilies, 26 new parks
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