Geography

Urbanisation is the growth of towns and cities such as Ilkeston, Derby and Nottingham.         Counter urbanisation is when people move from urban areas to rural areas.

A brownfield site is a site that HAS been previously built upon, whereas a green field site is a site that has never been built upon. It is usually countryside.                                                          A green belt site is a site that HAS never been built on, and no body is allowed to build on it. We are running out of places to build on so soon enough, green belt sites will have to be used.

The suburbs are the outlying areas of a city which are close enough to the city centre to be accessible by commuters. Suburbanisation is the outward growth of urban areas which may engulf surrounding villages and towns. Suburbanisation results in the physical spreading of a city into surrounding countryside areas. This is known as urban sprawl.

A commuter is someone who is prepared to travel from one place to another to work. They often live in commuter settlements which is a small and attractive town. Two real life examples are Castle Donnington and Melbourne.

Some concentric models don't fit certain places any more because, they aren't very industrial anymore, they don't have many factories, and we don't have different classes for different people.

A CBD is the central business district. Some features of a central business district is that they have a shopping centre, businesses, houses, sporting stadiums, offices, main transport systems and pedestrianised zones.

A pedestrianised zone is somewhere where cars or any other type of vehicle are not allowed to drive. This reduces the risk of car fatalities as well as being less noisier and increases footfall. However, with everyone walking everywhere, the emergency services will not be able to get down, if there is no possible way down. Also, if there is a delivery for a shop, it will have to park away from the shop which could be awkward if there are heavy boxes to be carried.

A nimby is someone who objects to a proposed building project. It stands for not in my back yard. Anyone can be a nimbly because anyone can object. 

If you build on a green belt site then you will get traffic congestion, air pollution and noise pollution. Urban sprawl is bad because if there is an increase in the population, then air pollution will increase, as well as noise pollution and traffic congestion due to increased dependency on cars.

An eco home is a very sustainable place to live, however, there are not many green spaces around it. A sustainable community has a lot of green spaces and the houses are less packed together. A sustainable community has many features which are; well designed, well connected, thriving, well served, fair for everyone and active inclusive and safe.

Signs contribute to a sustainable community because it is providing facilities for everyone to use. The security cameras are contributing to a sustainable community because it is active inclusive and safe. Also, the field is contributing to a sustainable community because it is well designed.

Bedzed design sustainable houses. The features include; solar panels, thick insulating windows, vents on roofs which take in wind and make the house cool in summer, grass instead of patio.

Retail has changed mainly due to the evolution of online shopping. This means that people can just order what they need offline and they don't even need to step out of the door. The opening of shops has increased which means that there is more trade. Also, people used to do really big shops to last them a week however, now people do smaller shops and go out more frequently. 

A catchment is an area in which a business gets its customers

A range is a distance that a consumer is prepared to travel to but a particular product

A threshold is the minimum population needed to make demand for an item or service.

Main things that have changed are; the traditional market doesn't run anymore, more car boot sales, retail parks are larger, drive thrus and not all shops are now located in the inner city.

Retail hierarchy is... The bigger the catchment area, the more shops there are.

If shops open for 24 hours, then stock control won't be as efficient and three is more electricity being used.

TThe champions league final benefits football fans, hotel owners, restaurants and transportation services. However, it will be a problem for elderly people and residents. To manage a sporting event in an urban area, you could add more security as well as more emergency services, thorough bag searches and have stewards and put signs up.

In rural areas, the Isle of Man TT  happens. To manage the sporting events in a rural area, you could make it more safe, close schools, add additional routes and encourage people to pre book.

Honey pot sites attract a great number of visitors. However, if they get too many visitors, then their carrying capacity will overload, which will cause foot path erosion. Foot path erosion is the wearing away of paths to find a very high area that could damage the natural environment. Trampling is damaging the vegetation by walking on it which could happen if foot path erosion happens.

A HIC is a high income country. An NIC is a newly industrialised country. Sydney is a perfect example of both of these.

To move to Sydney, you actually need a quality that will be useful. For example, if there is a shortage of nurses, then they will advertise for nurses to move to the local area. If they didn't do this, then Sydney would become very overly populated which could lead to things like air pollution, noise pollution and traffic congestion.q

There are alot of slums in Mumbai. The main slum being chawls. Chawls are four/five storey tenement buildings in which families are allocated a single room to live in. The plan is to demolish all of these and create 17 high rise tower blocks for people to live jn. This will make the area a little bit more sustainable.

In Mumbai, many people live next to the train Line in slums, this is not a good idea due to the fact that there are trains running every three minutes. Therefore, if someone tries to cross the train Line, the chances are that they'll get hit by a train and killed instantly. Also, people Gideon the roofs of trains, this is also dangerous because people fall off and get killed instantly. Trains are also very overcrowded inside. This is bad because people could potentially get trapped and suffocate, the problem is mad who better due to the fact that there a&e only four main train lines into the city centre of Mumbai, which is where everyone works.

To calculate GNI, compensation paid to resident employees by foreign firms and income from overseas property owned by residents are added to GDP, while compensation paid by resident firms to overseas employees and income generated by foreign owners of domestic property are subtracted. Product and import taxes that are not already accounted for in GDP are also added to GNI, while subsidies are subtracted. Residence, rather than citizenship, is the criterion for determining nationality in GNI calculations, so long as the residents spend their income within the country.

The HDI was calculated in 2010 using the following indicators: Health - Life expectancy at birth. Education - expected years schooling for school-age children and average years of schooling in the adult population. Income - measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (PPP US$)

Globalisation is the sharing of different things between different countries. 

Globalisation has resulted in; increased international trade, a company operating in more than one country, greater dependence on the global economy, more free movements of capital, goods and services and the recognition of companies in Lic's.

A multi national company is a company that operates in more than one country. A good example is Nike. They have there main headquarters, but also have other branches in places like Vietnam, which is a low income country. It is good for Vietnam to have a big company because it will attract people to visit Vietnam, and it will also create more jobs for the current residents of Vietnam who may be out of work, or working in an informal job, where there is no contract, no proper income and no protection to keep the, safe.

Another  multi national company is Tata. This company has a branch in India and, like Nike on Vietnam, it will create jobs for people who are out of work or they have a job in the informal sector.

Emergency aid is when sudden help is given to a country due to a natural disaster like a flood or an earthquake. Developmental aid is financial help given by governments to help the social, economic, environmental and political development of developing countries. An NGO is a non governmental organisation. They earn no profit and are voluntary. Some include the red cross and Oxfam.

Fair trade is when products are sold and the farmer who grew or produced the product gets an equal share of the profit from the product.

In Ghana, they grow cocoa beans it is cheaper to get them from Ghana and not the EU due to the fact that it costs more money to import the cocoa beans, so really, no profit will be made.