Genetic

~Inside each cell is the nucleus (except Red Blood Cells).
~The nucleus contains chromosomes,
~There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), 23 from each parent.
~The chromosomes are made out of a chemical called DNA.
~Chromosomes contain Genes.
~Different forms of the same genes are called alleles.

~Eye colour.

~Hair Colour.

~Shape of face

~Freckles

~Hair type

~Colour of skin

B=Dominant

b=recessive

~Alleles can be dominat or recessive.

The characteristic controlled by a dominat allele develops if the allele is present on one or bothe chromosomes in a pair.E.g. B.B NOT b.b.

The characteristics controlled by a recessive allele develops only if the allele is present of both chromosomes in a pair. E.g. b.b NOT B.B

Heterozygous ~ When there are different genotypes. E.g. (B.b)

Homozygous ~ When there are the same genotypes. E.g. (BB) or (bb)

Gene~A section of DNA that carries instructions for a characteristic.

Allele~Different forms of the same gene.

Dominant~Version of an allele that will always have an effect.

Recessive ~Version of an allele that will only have an effect if there are two of them.

What is mutation?
~A mutation is when a chromosome is broken or damaged.

What are the effects of Mutation?
~The effects of mutation are bad. They can cause diseases.

What are ecauses of mutation?
~ Radiation, sunlight, X-rays.

Environmental variation ~ The different ways in which our inherited characteristics develop due to environmental factors such as, weather, lifestyle.

Selective breeding allows you to identify the characteristics you want, and only breed from the individuals that have no characteristics.

PROCESS:
1-The farmers decide what characteristics are most important.E.g. Height, weight.
2-Then the farmers select the parents which show the selection of characteristics.
3-Select which offspring is the best from the parents, to use to breed for the next generation.
4- The farmers repeat this process.

Selective breeding - choosing which animal or plant wil sexuality reproduce to make an offspring together.

Cloning-Making an identical copies of another organism.

Genetic modification (GM)-The direct manipulation of an organisms genes using biotechnology.