This involves the dilemma of participants v's scientific benefit.
Often it is assumed that if the scientific benefit will be high for society then it's okay to put participants into research with high ethical costs.
This has been proven effective but often it's hard to predict the outcomes of research, such as in Milgrams experiment when it was predicted that 3% would go to 450V when in fact 65% did.
Also, it was not predicted that participants that participants would react in the way they did, such as having fit's and seizures
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