COASTAL MANAGEMENT

BEACH NOURISHMENT

• sand & shingle added to beaches from elsewhere
  e.g. dredged from offshore.
• creates wide beaches, which reduce erosion of cliffs more than narrow beaches.
  

BEACH STABILISATION

• reducing slope angle & planting vegetation/sticking stakes & old tree trunk into beach to stabilise sand.
• also creates wider beaches = reduced cliff erosion.
• 

DUNE REGENERATION

• sand dunes created/restored by nourishment/stabilisation of sand.
• they provide a barrier between land & sea, absorbing wave energy & preventing flooding & erosion.
  

LAND USE MANAGEMENT

• important for dune regeneration.
• vegetation needed to stabilise dune can easily be trampled/destroyed, leaving dune vulnerable to erosion.
• wooden walkways across dunes, fenced-off areas that prevent walkers/cyclists from accessing dunes = reduced vegetation loss.

CREATING MARSHLAND FROM MUDFLATS

• can be encouraged by planting vegetation
  e.g. glassworts.
• vegetation stabilises sediment & stems & leaves, reducing wave speed.
• therefore, waves' erosive power & how far they reach inland are reduced, leading to less flooding of the area around the marsh.
  

COASTAL REALIGNMENT (MANAGED RETREAT)

• breaching existing defence, allowning the sea to flood the land behind.
• e.g. breaching sea walls @ Holderness.
• over time, vegetation will colonise the land & it will become marhsland.