APPLIED LIFE SCIENCE REVISION

DYSURIA: pain or burning when passing urineEx

NEW NOCTURIA: passing urine more often at night

CLOUDY URINE: urine cloudy to the naked eye

FEVER: the absence of same does not exclude a UTI

• Urgency
• Visible haematuria
• Frequency
• Suprapubic pain or tenderness
• New incontinence
• New or worsening delerium

• Sexual activity
• Spermicide use
• Post menopause
• Positive family history of UTI
• History of recurrent UTI
• Presence of foreign body

• Insulin treated diabetes
• Recent antibiotics
• Poor bladder emptying
• Increasing age

• Results from irritation. of the bladder trigone or urethra
• Inflammation or stricture of the urethra causes difficultyies starting urination and burning on urination
• Urine comes in contact with inflamed mucosa- nociceptors and sensory nerves stimulated which causes pain along with burning, stinging or itching.

• Reduced bladder capacity due to inflammatory oedema causeing decreased compliance and pain due to bladder distention. 

• Typically comes from discharge of either pus or blood into the urinary tract- potentially also be a build up of white blood cells as the body tries to eliminate invading bacteria.

• If fever was present: normally the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre maintains internal temperature between 37 and 38 degrees celcius.
• Fever results when something raises the hypothalamic set point, triggering vasoconstriction and shunting of blood from the periphery to decrease heat loss; sometimes shivering, which increases heat production, is reduced.
• These processes continue until the temperature of the blood bathing the hypothalamus reaches the new set point.
• Resetting the hypothalamic set point downward initiates heat loss through sweating.

• If present: caused by distention of the ureter or renal pelvis or distention of the renal capsule, due to inflammatory response following infection.