Agricultural production for the growing planet

Who eats food every day?

Who wears clothes every day?

Who drinks coffee or tea every day?

Who takes fruits every day?

Who drives or takes buses every day?

The society needs various products from agriculture 

Coffee beans, cultivated local people - middle people pay more, higher profit

Fairtrade trying reduce profit so that the middle people give more money to local people

Money spent techniques- local people- improve facilities, reducing H20 consumption, improve ecosystems & QoL fairtrade 

Crop types

Virtual water trading - behind crops new concept how this exchanged between countries
- global trading

Global crop and virtual water trading

Agriculture management

Food crops -  wheat, rice, corn, potato

Economic crops -  cotton, coffee, olive, fruit, sugar

Bioenergy crops-  maize, groundnut, crop residues

Food crops -  wheat, rice, corn, potato

Economic crops (not essential for daily life) not needed 4 survival improve QoL
 cotton, coffee, olive, fruit, sugar

Bioenergy crops-  maize, groundnut, crop residues

- how can we use agricultural measurement to improve H20 resource usage

Bioenergy compatible to food crops if cultivate can solve energy crisis BUT how about food crisis

Will consume all fossil fuels within the next 50-100 years 

we can extract and use bioenergy crops as fuels/energy support growing needs energy. 

4 main concepts 

Population

Development level

Water resources and other environmental factors

Politics

The impacts of climate change on global food production

Why?

North America

South America

Europe

Africa

limited area cultivation for crops- have two decide which one to grow over other ones what determines the production of these crops?

1) China big population need lots of food to survive

2) different ways to make crops- improve food quality 

How much water do you consume every day?

What is behind crop products?

3,500 litres of water is used every day by people in Britain

Only 150 litres is wthin the home, the rest is 'hidden; in foods and goods consumed. 

Two factors affect virtual water behind crops
* Crop type
* Agricultural management 

one hamburger - 2400 litres 

one glass of milk- 200 litres

one cup of tea - 35 litres

Fruit Spain, meat - ^_^ 

People think global trading is only about food actually global trade- water resources- water fixed lakes and rivers - import oil through Nigeria

Water traded through food crops - reevaluate how much water we have imported
Differet countries and how gloval trading of H2O affects development agricultural sectors in different countries 

Global distribution of food - 4 types of food

China no space for you to travel - 1.5 billion people in China eat good- grow as many as they can

Europe- no rice grows here, rice imported from eastern Asian countries China & India 

 Temperate region
     fruit, olive

Subtropical region - sun 
   cotton, herbs - raain

Tropical region
   sugar, cocoa, cotton - huge amount of sunlight

1) Temperature 

2) Politics <- economic crops not UK - we're trying to  put production in developing countries- history of global trading.

Most developed countries don't want agricultural production in their country - uses a lot of resources, damages ecosystem 

China, India imports importants

Coffee- S America, S.Asia 

water resource

African countries- limited H2O yet still growing economic crops because need £££

Have to grow economic crops sell developed countries support society

Three generations of biofuels

Problems occupy landscape

Cultivate bioenergy OR food crops  - Hard choice

Can use bacteria/algae photosynthesis - cells 
Extract oil - burn - cO2 - released again

utilise environment microbes increase biofuel/bioenergy 

energy crisis - different KJ crops instead of what is buried underneath

first generation crops - food was unsustainable - low Kj contamination
agricultural residue - create bioethanol - good way harvest Kj 

blocked carbon cycle throughout process- not returned to soil- soil has less nutrients, need more fertilisers to support production.

Cultivate crops huge amount kJ - oils from those things burn oils instead of residues

Lack of H2O in N.Africa, India and China 

Bioenergy crops consume more H2O than food crops

Gloal water exchane- some countries lack H2O

Green = countries net natural water export- water exported other countries 

Red = importing water - other countries 

Further develop bioenergy crops this situation worse
< Virtual water exported from Africa to Europe & China 

Internally virtual water utilisation 
Red- virtual water dependent countries
If you don't trade global agricultural products- the UK won't survive 

Agriculture management - modern ways irrigation system reduce virtual water Developing countries - traditional methods use more water. 
Agricultural management reduces the virtual water in global trading
Local people improve H2O efficiency 

Fairtrade

Conventional agriculture

Traditional way:

• Less efficient
• Lots of water consumed
• Takes a long time

Modern agriculture

Machines - seed, harvest, treat plants
Water measurement, supply as many as you need to reduce virtual water within plants
Only supply the water they need

Topography

- Some countries don't want to use modern techniques 

Topography

Water resources

Trational veg need to cultivate plants in mountain area

Modern agriculture - huge amount of water reservoir need to maintain areas - fixed area- supply stable water in eastern Asian areas- water not sustainable in the summer - too little
winter too much
no fixed area to supply water

Labour cost

• Majority of people use hands to grow plants
• Machines- give peopl jobs but not enough food resources
• More people in India/China trying to find a job in Europe
• - Job security lost machinery 

Economics

need money to buy  facilities

need oil feed

technicians - maintain utilisation/fix

technical training 

Policies

Topography

Water resources

Labour cost

Economics

Policies

 Fairtrade cuts out the middleman meaning more profit goes to the farmer.

Fair Trade is a partnership built on a network of relationships that respect people, promote fair business practices, and protect the planets

Coffee beans cultivated local population
middle people play more, higher £££ 

fair trade trying to reduce profits the middle people make by giving more money to local people
More money spent techniqus- local people- improve facilities, reducing H2O consumption, improve ecosystem & QoL - fairtrade

1 billion hungry - should save the food you have, reduce unnecessary exchange global food
1 baby dies every 8 seconds- Africa 
one billion hungry don't have sufficient food

1/3 food wasted <- thrown in bin- should improve efficiency food products, lots of virtual water H2O developing countries

• Soil diversity
• Agriculture input fertilizer and pesticide
• Crop output (nutrition)
• Water management
• Policy support
• Climate change
• Ecology

Growing planet - populatio growing plants
We need help agricultural countries improve agricultural methods
care about waste

.

intrinsic link between challenge we face ensure 21stC food security and other global issues - climate change, population growth & need sustainably manage world's rapidly growing demand for kJ & H2O. 

predicted by 2030 world will need to produce 50% more food and energy whilst mitigating and adapting to climate change 

we need a 'greener revolution' 
meeeting demand for energy whilst mitigating and adapting climate change requires mix behavioural change and technological solutions. 

global population set to increase to around 9 billion by mid century
rising at rate 6million people mer month 

energy demand projected to incrase 45% by 2030 
biofuels for transport and biomass for heat and electricty used meet some demand- greater competition for land & crops. 

TODAY 1.2 billion people live in areas already affected by water scarcity- figure will increase as global water demand rises. 

agriculture largest user water world-wide - 70% total supplies

agricultural sector will need to compete - world's growing cities- H2O 
thus unlikely water remain 'free' commodity future 

challenge for global agriculture grow more food on similar land on similar land area using less water, fertiliser and pesticides than we have historically done.

climate change
these demands must be met rising global temperatures, impacting on water, food and ecosystems in all regions. more severe and frequent extreme weather events. 

 need to mitigate climate change & adapt to that which cannot be avoided is clear. 
been suggested that global green house gas emissions must be reduced by 50-60% by 2050 compared to current levels. 

it is predicted by 2030 world will need to produce around 50% more food & energy 

can 9 billion people be fed equitaby, healthily and sustainably? 

can we cope future demands on water

Climate change may affect food systems in several ways ranging from direct effects on crop production (e.g. changes in rainfall leading to drought or flooding, or warmer or cooler temperatures leading to changes in the length of growing season), to changes in markets, food prices and supply chain infrastructure. The relative importance of climate change for food security differs between region

southern Africa, climate  most frequently cited drivers of food insecurity because it acts both as an underlying, ongoing issue and as a short-lived shock 

2000, the member states of the United Nations committed themselves to eight Millennium Develop- ment Goals

mate change is only one of several changes affecting food systems and that its relative importance varies both between regions and between different societal groups within a region

Climate change may affect food systems in several ways ranging from direct effects on crop production (e.g. changes in rainfall leading to drought or flooding, or warmer or cooler temperatures leading to changes in the length of growing season), to changes in markets, food prices and supply chain infrastructure. The relative importance of climate change for food security differs between region

southern Africa, climate  most frequently cited drivers of food insecurity because it acts both as an underlying, ongoing issue and as a short-lived shock 

2000, the member states of the United Nations committed themselves to eight Millennium Develop- ment Goals

mate change is only one of several changes affecting food systems and that its relative importance varies both between regions and between different societal groups within a region

 In south Asia, studies have examined how income growth has led to changes in diets away from traditional foods. This may have negative impacts on local farmers who grow traditional foods and are not well integrated into markets (Pingali & Khawaja 2004)

n, resource- conserving technologies restrict the oxidation of soil carbon thus mitigating increases of CO2 into the atmosphere

environmental feedbacks

s The possible environmental impacts of adaptations include:
(i) changes in biodiversity due to extension of the agricultural frontier;
(ii) water pollution associated with increased use of fertilizers and pesticides;
(iii) waterlogging, salinization and water scarcity due to irrigation and 

Macdonald and Graham 2013

calls to boot agricultural product to meet demands growing population - common

international trade could be v necessary in trasnferinf food from farm to consumers

importing crops may be one out of necessity if available land and H20 limits production

relatively small number of countries prduce bulk of staple crops for global markets

Fader et al's study domestic crop production could theoretically replace imports & allow food self-sufficiency - many countries

Extreme scenario no yield improvements, no agricultural expansion & high population growth lates- roughly half of the global population would be import dependent by 2050.