History of the Planet - revision

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formation of the universe
13.7Ga
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Formation of the solar system
4.56Ga
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Moon forming impact
4.5ga
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Oldest Zircon
4.4Ga
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Oldest Rocks
4.28Ga (4.04Ga)
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Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB)
4.1-3.85 Ga
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First Life
3.8-3.7
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Micro-fossils
3.5-3.2
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Dividing Cells
3.26
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First evidence of life:
3.8Ga (Isua graphite)
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First Possible Microfossils
3.5Ga
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First Stromatolites
3.5Ga
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Fossil dividing cells
3.26Ga
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Origin of oxygenic photosynthesis
3.0-2.7Ga
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Great Oxidation Event
2.4-2.3Ga
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First Snowball earth ( Makganyene)
2.2 Ga
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Orgin of Eukaryotes
3 Ga
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Neoproterozoic snowball earth
720 Ma and 640 Ma
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Second Oxygen Rise
600-400 Ma
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before 2.7Ga
Anoxic in both surface and deep ocan and reducing O2 < 10-12 atm (Oxygenic Photosynthesis)
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2.7Ga to 2.4 Ga
Deep Ocean - Anoxic , Surface Ocean- Oxygenated , Atmosphere (Reducing O2 ~ 10-6 atm) - gap between oxygenic photosynthesis and the great oxidation
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2.3- 0.6 Ga
Deep Ocean - Anoxic , Surface Ocean - Oxygenated , Atmosphere (Oxidising O2 > 10-3 atm) Great Oxidation moving into lesser oxygenation
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0.6-0.4Ga
Deep/Surface Ocean - Oxygenated . Atmosphere (Oxidising O2 ~ 10-1 atm. Lesser Oxygenation
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Eras
Paleozoic/Mesozoic/Cenozoic
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Epochs
Early, Middle, Late Or for e.g. Silurian: Llandovery, Wenlock, Ludlow, Pridoli
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Cambrian Explosion
refers to the sudden appearance in the fossil record of complex animals with mineralized skeletal remains. It may represent the most important evolutionary event in the history of life on Earth.
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Non-Vascular Plants
470 Ma (Ordovician)
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Vascular Land Plants
430 Ma ( Silurian)
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Trees
385 Ma (Devonian )
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End Permian Extinction
251 Ma
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End Cretaceous Extinction
65Ma
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Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum
55Ma
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The cenozic is the
latest geoglogical era
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The cenozic used to be divided into
the tertiary and quaternary periods
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The Cenozoic is now divided into
Paleogene, Neogene, Quaternary
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Periods are divided into epochs eg.
Paleocene, Eocene
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Divergence from chimpanzees
6 ma
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Walking upright
3.7 MA
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First stone tool use
(3.3Ma?), 2.5 Ma Homo Habillis
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Use of fire
2 Ma Homo erectus
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Out of Africa 1
1.8 Ma onwards (Homo Erectus)
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Homo Sapiens
200 Ka
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Out of africa 2
65Ka onwards
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Homo neanderthalensis
(around 500) - 24Ka
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Homo floresiensis
50ka
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The Quaternary is from
2.6- 0ma
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Pleistocene:
2600-11.7Ka
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Holocene:
11.7-0ka
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MIS II Interglacial
around 424-374ka
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Last Interglacial (Eemian)
around 125 ka
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Last Glacial Maximum
21Ka
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End of the Young Dyras
11.7Ka
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First Agriculture
around 11 Ka
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Uk Agriculture
around 6 ka
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Time until next glaciation
around 50 ka
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How long will out sun spend on the main sequence?
10 billion years
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H and He were manufactured after
the big bang
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Elements Li and Fe manufactured
by nuclear fusion in stars
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Formation of Li and Fe
their formation gives off energy
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to make elements heaviers than Fe requires energy made
by neutron capture
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Neutron capture
either slowly during a star's evolution?or rapidly when a gaint star explodes
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Which of the following was not present in large amounts in the Earth's first atmosphere:
Oxygen
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What type of long term processes represent a draw-down of 02 from the atmosphere?
Oxidative weathering of rocks
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Photosynthesis:
CO2 + H2O + hv → CH2O + O2 (Organic Matter Cycling)
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Aerobic respitation:
CH2O + O2 → CO2 + H2O
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Only the organic material from (1) photosynthesis that escapes (2) aerobic respiration
provides a net O2 source and a net CO2 sink
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Organic carbon burial:
CO2 + H2O → CH2O(↓burial) + O2
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On geologic timescales this is counterbalanced by:
Oxidative weathering
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Oxidative weathering
CH2O(↑weather) + O2 → CO2 + H2O
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Oxidative weathering releases
CO2 back to the atmosphere as well as consuming O2.
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Silicate weathering reaction:
CaSiO3 + 2CO2 + H2O → Ca2+ + 2HCO3- + SiO2
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Later followed by carbonate deposition:
CaSiO3 + 2CO2 + H2O → Ca2+ + 2HCO3- + SiO2
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Net result of silcate weathering
CaSiO3 + CO2 → CaCO3 + SiO2
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Carbon Burial has two forms
Calcium carbonate and organic carbon
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Calcium carbonate
=oxidised carbon
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Calcium carbonate does not
produce oxygen ( e.g. CaSiO3 + CO2 → CaCO3 + SiO2 (this is the silicate weathering reaction))
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Organic Carbon =
=reduced carbon
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Organic carbon burial
5x1012 mol/yr
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Crust organic (reduced) carbon
1.25x1021 mol
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Crust carbonate (oxidised) carbon
5x1021 mol
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Carbonate burial
2x1013 mol/yr
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Phosphorus is the ultimate limiting nutrient for
Phosphorus is the ultimate limiting nutrient for biologocal productivity (photosynethesis)
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Hence the supply of phosphourous, ultimately from
weathering of rocks
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supply of phosphorus
determines the amount of organic carbon that can be buried and with it the long-term source of oxygen:
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determines the amount of organic carbon that can be buried and with it the long-term source of oxygen:
COrganic burial flux = (P weathering flux) x (C/P)burial
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The (C/P)burial ratio is sensitive to
02 levels
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Under anoxic waters more P is
recycled and the (C/P) burial ratio goes up causing more COrganic to be buried (and more O2 to be produced) per unit of P
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increased anoxia, increased P recycling, increased phosphate and increased productivity, this generates
increased burial of organic carbon (reduced matter) and a corresponding increase in the source of atmospheric oxygen
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Rising atmospheric oxygen increases the ventilation of the water column, counteracting anoxia
A negative feedback
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. However, this mechanism is slow because of the large reservoir of oxygen relative to its input/output fluxes. This means that it is overwhelmed by the
positive feedback mechanism on short timescales.
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On a shorter timescale, the recycling of P from ocean sediments fuels more productivity which increases
oxygen demand (O2 consumption) in the water column
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Increased anoxia generates increased recycling of phosphorus from organic and iron-bound forms
This increases the oceanic concentration of phosphate, a limiting nutrient.
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When the water is upwelled it fuels more ‘new’ biological production in the surface ocean
This generates an increased flux of reduced organic matter sinking to the ocean depths
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This increased oxygen demand causes more oxygen to be used up and the volume of anoxic waters to increase. A positive feedback amplifying
the initial change. The feedback is relatively rapid because the residence time of phosphate in the ocean is only of the order of 10^4 years.
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These feedbacks can interact to produce a system that
oscillates…
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[PO4], [NO3] and productivity are enhanced under anoxic conditions, and oxygen rises. [PO4], [NO3] and productivity are
suppressed under oxic conditions, and oxygen falls
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Sustained 40% increase in weathering forcing triggers self-sustaining, periodic, oxic-anoxic oscillations:
a series of OAEs with 5.9 Myr period, each of about 1.5 Myr duration
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Organic carbon is depleted in 13C (by ~20 per mil) Carbonate carbon d13C (the record shown) records the
d13C of the ocean
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If more organic carbon is buried then this leaves the ocean and the
carbonate rocks deposited from it enriched in 13C (d13C more positive) (whereas if less organic carbon is buried d13C gets more negative)
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This can explain long-term trends in the d13C record But short term ‘spikes’ must indicate
the rapid input of material
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For a negative d13C spike such as at the PETM (55 Ma) there must have been an input of 13C-depleted (i.e. organic-derived) material The more 13C-depleted the material, the less that is needed to explain a
given d13C change in the ocean/carbonate record…
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When CO2 is added to the atmosphere it reacts with the surface ocean waters and then this releases protons (H+) i.e. creates acidity:
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3- + H+ → CO32- + 2H+
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When the more corrosive/acidic waters come in contact with alkaline (carbonate) sediments they dissolve them:
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O → Ca2+ + 2HCO3-
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Water coming in contact with akaline neutralises the acidification in terms of the depth in the ocean this means
shifting up the ‘carbonate compensation depth’ below which all carbonate sediments are dissolved (due to both pressure and any changes in the acidity of the waters
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Before 5 mya –
ancestral split with Chimpanzee.
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Before 4 mya
– Australopithecus anamensis – upright in Kenya
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~ 2.5 mya - Stone tools in use –
4+ species in Africa?
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~ 1.5 mya – hand axes in use – hominids spread out into Europe/Asia – ancestors of
Homo neanderthalensis (Europe) Homo erectus in Asia
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Homo sapiens in Africa –
– ‘modern’ brain size
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50,000 years ago -
Cognitive revolution
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25,000 years ago –
Homo sapiens – last remaining species on planet – spread across the Old World.
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The Faiyum Neolithic is important precisely because it represents the earliest known
fully agricultural economy in Egypt, (6.3-5.5 ka BP)
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Card 2

Front

Formation of the solar system

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4.56Ga

Card 3

Front

Moon forming impact

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Oldest Zircon

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Oldest Rocks

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Preview of the front of card 5
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