4A.1 Economies

PRIMARY - production (e.g. mining, farming, fishing, forestry)

• rural areas
• low-paid, manual work

SECONDARY - manufacturing (e.g. factories)

• Northern cities like Manchester, sheffield and Glasgow
• declining over time

TERTIARY - services (e.g. education, retail,tourism, healthcare)

• urban areas
• wide variations (e.g. low-paid to cleaners to high paid professionals)

QUARTERNARY - research and development (e.g. finance, law, IT, biotechnology)

• London and SE
• high-paid and professional

Part-time/ full-time

Part-time= under 35 hours/week

Full-time= over 35 hours/week

Temporary/ permanent 

Temporary= employees working on a more flexible basis

Permanent= permanent employment contract, entitled to full benefits

Employed/ self-employed 

Management 

9.2 % 

7.5 %

Professional 

28.7 % 

13.6 % 

Manual 

9.6 % 

16.7 % 

Average hourly pay 

£14.80 

£12.50 

Average weekly pay 

£605 

£532 

Economically active 

66 % 

54 % 

Gross Value Added (GVA) 

£34,000 /person 

£17,000 /person 

No educational qualifications 

11.5 % 

22.5 % 

University-level qualification 

43 % 

19 % 

Life expectancy 

81 

77 

Long-term sick and disabled 

3 % 

7 % 

Quality of life (out of 138 regions) 

6th 

129th 

Regional inequalities

• higher earners in London (quarternary and gov.)
• in London 58% of jobs are in the 3 highest income categories 
• incomes are higher in London and the SE but so are housing and other costs

Income and life expectancy

• life expectancy in the highest earning groups is 6-8 years higher than in the lowest

Income and health

• in the 2011 census 30% of people on the lowest incomes said their health was 'not good' compared to 13% on the highest

Variations in educational achievement

• distribution of high GCSE grades and university degrees
• London has the highest (25.3% and 40.5%) and the NE has the lowest (17.6% and 24.3%)