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Advantages
- Labour opportunities. Labour shortage. Better wages abroad.Congress passed 'Act to Encourage Immigration', legalised/ bureaucratised practice similar to indentured servitude 1864. American companies set up agencies to recruit immigrant workers. Deals between American shipping lines and agencies.
- Techno innovations. Journey take up to 3 months wooden 'coffin-ships', steamships made journey to USA safer, quicker (5-8 knots wooden to 12 knots slow steaming ships), only 12 days subsidised by industrial employers.
- Very few immigration restrictions, Act to Encourage Immigration only technically repealed 1868, importing labour already under contact only made illegal 1885 Foran Act, and Chinese Exclusion Act 1882. 1/50 sent home.
- escape: persecution (Jews fro Tsarist Russia), poverty (Southern Italy), political injustice. After 5 years, new immigrants eligible to become naturalised citizens and can therefore vote, so Presidents, federal, state and city legislature mostly supported. "All men are created equal"
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Disadvantages
- escape: persecution (Jews fro Tsarist Russia).
- Poverty- Southern Italy, Potato Famine in Ireland (1864-51)
- Political injustice, countries denied vote/little political freedom.After 5 years, new immigrants eligible to become naturalised citizens and can therefore vote, so Presidents, federal, state and city legislature mostly supported. "All men are created equal"
- Difficulties of competing with world markets (e.g. cheap US wheat driving down prices AND mechanisation from America meaning less jobs).
- Europe's population growing. Ubranisation of Europe, immigrants moved to America to continue their farming lifestyle, space for it in the West which needed to be 'colonised'.
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