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- Female offenders rarely feature in early criminological work
- Early work has a set of assumptions about both gender and crime which at the core features men
- Women are leaving household roles and are becoming more involved in violence and other forms of crime
- SMART
- Separate study of men and women would lead to further marginalisation of women in research
- The increasing attention of women in research could also lead to increasing CJS attention on such actions
- Women can be seen as being doubly deviant as they not only break the law but trangress their assumed gender roles
- Feminist criminology aims to understand the nature of female offending and the treatment of women within the CJS
- Examining the 'sex-crime ratio'
- HEIDENSOHN
- Four key characteristics to female offending; economic rationality, heterogeneity of their offences, fear and impact of deviant stigma and the experience of double deviance and double jeopardy
- The role of patriarchy in women's oppression and marginalisation, influencing the decision to commit crimes
- Control theory has proven to be effective and successful when explaining female deviance
- Women commit far fewer seriously crimes than men
- Women are also informally controlled so find it hard to deviate and commit crime
- When prosecuting women they are often viewed as being mad or have been influenced by factors that are outside of their control
- A key question raised by feminists is whether women are treated differently in the penal system than men
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