War and Peace
An overview of war and peace for OCR. Considering the view of ethical theories.
- Created by: Yamanam
- Created on: 28-04-13 15:06
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- War and Peace
- Just war - Aquinas
- Jus in bello
- Propotionality
- The amount of damage inflicted should be proportianl to the good gained
- Protect civilians
- They are innocent
- Should not be targeted
- Should be protected from abuse
- "The lives of innocent persons may never be taken directly, regardlness of the prupose alleged for doing so"
- Should not be targeted
- "The lives of innocent persons may never be taken directly, regardlness of the prupose alleged for doing so"
- They are innocent
- Weaponary
- Weapons such as gas bombs should be avoided - they are indiscriminate
- Propotionality
- Jus ad bellum
- Lawful authority
- Someone who works for goverment and not a regular civilian
- Just cause
- Augistine devoloped this idea e.g. to protect those being used for unjust reasons
- Right intention
- "The right intention of those waging war is...promote good and avoid evil"
- Last resort
- War should only be attempted when every peaceful method of resolving conflict has been attempted
- Likelihood of success
- There must be a high chance of success
- Lawful authority
- jus post bellum
- Peace terms must be agreed
- Jus in bello
- Pacificism
- Selective pacafism
- Oppose war involving weapons of mass destruction, also known as nuclear pacafism
- Active pacafism
- Relative pacafism
- War and violence are wrong but sometimes it is the less of two evils
- Absolute pacafism
- Selective pacafism
- Natural law apprach
- Consider motives and means of conflict
- In favour of just war
- Kantian apprach
- (Kant) against wars dwelling on property rights of rulers
- Doesn't consider categorical imperative - it is not personal moral decisions but relations between states
- Oppose standing armies (armies which exist during peaceful times as well as times of war
- Doesn't consider categorical imperative - it is not personal moral decisions but relations between states
- Oppose standing armies (armies which exist during peaceful times as well as times of war
- Human autonomy
- Duty
- Positive of war as duty allows for heroism and selflessness
- However a solider is not a autonomous being
- Kant's theory often shows contradictions when applied practically
- Pacific
- Peace lovers, they are different to pacafists because they believe it is our duty to protect the innocent
- Kant's theory seems more teleological and consequentalist when dealing with war
- He says the act of war is unjust yetbelieves it changes soicety for the better because it workis towards a kingdom of ends
- (Kant) against wars dwelling on property rights of rulers
- Christian apprach
- Split
- Against
- Old testament Yaweh as a God is a bit of a murderous character
- "So perish all your enemies"
- "an eye for an eye"
- Old testament Yaweh as a God is a bit of a murderous character
- For
- Old testament, quite a bit through, and God seems peaceful
- "Nation shall not lift up sword against nation"
- However, these can be interpreted to support just war or pacafism
- "Blessed are the peacemakers for they will be called children of God"
- "You have heard "an eye for an eye" but i say to you, Do not resist an evildoer. If anyone strikes you, turn the other cheek"
- Old testament, quite a bit through, and God seems peaceful
- Against
- Split
- Utilitarianism apprach
- "Greatest good for greatest number"
- War is morally good if it brings overall happiness and morally wrong if not
- Rule utilitarianism
- Richard Brandt and Richard Hare
- Two levels of rules
- Turning these conventions into particular examples and situations
- Conventions that confom to Geneva convention and the Hague convention, ones which govern jus in bello
- Two levels of rules
- Richard Brandt and Richard Hare
- "Greatest good for greatest number"
- Strengths
- Strives to protect the innocent
- Encourages combatants to consider moral implications
- Rejects the idea of war being purely savage - it attempts to create regulations
- Emphais on human dignity
- Moral integrity above power
- Aims to make war about justified causes - not just revenge
- Weaknesses
- Why is a soilder not innocent espically if they had no choice but to fight? How can we distinguish the innocent from the guilty?
- Some argue that war can never be justified
- Just war has loop holes
- Just war - Aquinas
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