02
- Created by: Iqra
- Created on: 12-12-12 18:29
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- Using item A and elsewhere, assess sociological views of crime reduction strategies
- Introduction
- Situational crime prevention
- Focus on specific crimes and then alter the environment
- Reducing crime opportunities
- Target hardening measures include locking doors, security guards, reshaping the environment
- Criticism
- may simply displace crime moving it do different places, times, victims types of crime etc
- Explains opportunistic petty street crime but not white collar crime, corporate and state crime.
- Not all criminals make rational calculations before committing crime
- Examples : Violence or drug related crimes
- Environmental crime prevention
- Wilson and Kelling
- Broken Window Thesis
- signs of disorder show no one cares
- Prompting decline
- Graffiti, begging, littering, vandalism
- signs of disorder show no one cares
- Solution is to crack down on any disorder through environmental improvement
- abandoned cars towed away straight away.
- Zero tolerance policing. Prevents serious crime taking root and also halts neighbourhooddecline
- Broken Window Thesis
- Wilson and Kelling
- Social and Community crime prevention
- Deal with social conditions that prevent future crime
- Poverty
- full employment policies
- The Perry Pre School
- 2yr olds intellectual enrichment.
- Longitudinal study into adulthood showed fewer arrests for violent crime, property crime and drugs
- Purpose of punishment
- Detterance
- Prevent future crime from fear of further punishment
- Incapicitation
- Removing capacity to reoffend
- Retribution
- Society is entitled to take revenge for the offender having breached its moral code
- Rehabilitation
- Reforming, reeducating offenders
- Detterance
- Durkheim
- Function of punishment is to reinforce social solidarity and reinforce shared values by moral outrage
- 2 types of society
- Retributive justice
- Traditional society has strong collective conscience, so punishment is severe and vengeful.
- Restitutive justice
- Modern society's individuals have interdependence where crime damages should be be repaired through the justice system
- Retributive justice
- 2 types of society
- Function of punishment is to reinforce social solidarity and reinforce shared values by moral outrage
- Marxism
- Punishment is part of the 'repressive state apparatus'.
- This defends the ruling class property against the lower classes
- Form of punishment reflects economic base
- Under capitalism, prison is the dominant punishment because time is money and offenders 'pay by doing time.
- Punishment is part of the 'repressive state apparatus'.
- Foucault
- The panoptican
- Prisoners cells are visible to the guards but not vice versa
- Argues that other institutions like mental asylums etc follow this power and disciplinary power has affected the human soul.
- Sovereign Power
- Monarch exercised physical power over people's bodies and punishment was visible spectacle
- Disciplinary Power
- Seeks to govern not just the body through surveilliance but also the mine
- The panoptican
- Broken Window Thesis
- signs of disorder show no one cares
- Prompting decline
- Graffiti, begging, littering, vandalism
- signs of disorder show no one cares
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