The Learning Approach Behaviourism
- Created by: Georgia O'Keeffe
- Created on: 06-05-17 14:55
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- The Learning Approach: Behaviourism
- Basic Assumptions
- behaviour is learned from experience
- only observable behaviour is measurable scientifically
- it is valid to study the behaviour of animals as they share the same principles of learning
- we are born a blank slate, there is no genetic influence on behaviour
- Classical Conditioning
- learning via association
- is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus
- Pavlov presented a stimulus (a bell) and then gave the dog food = dog began to salivate in response to the stimulus.
- Pavlov called the stimulus the conditioned stimulus because its effects depend on its association with food.
- stimulus generalisation - P found that if he varied the pitch and tone of the bell, the dog still salivated.
- Stimulus discrimination - when a stimulus is not associated with the CR as it is too different from the original stimulus
- Time contiguity - P found that the association only occurs if the US and NS are presented at the same time.
- Operant Conditioning
- learning via reinforcement, through +ve or -ve reinforcement or punishment
- Skinner placed rats in a box
- pellet = +ve reinforcement, electrified floor = punishment, avoidance of electrified floor = -ve reinforement
- S found that as soon as a rat learned that it would get a pellet when pressing the lever, it would keep doing so as the behaviour was +vely reinforced
- types of reinforcement
- fixed ratio - apply the reinforcement after a specific number of behaviours
- fixed interval - apply reinforcer after a specific amount of time
- variable ratio - apply reinforcer after a variable number of responses
- variable interval - apply reinforcer after a variable amount of time
- Skinner's analysis of behaviour - he had his own terms to describe the processes involved in OC. To analyse behaviour, you need to consider:
- Antecedents: what happens just prior to behaviour being performed
- Behaviours: S called these operants
- Consequences: what happens after the operant
- Basic Assumptions
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