The British Sector of the Western Front (Historic environment)
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- The British Sector of the Western Front, 1914-1918, (Historic environment)
- The Western Front- the trenches
- Battles
- First Battle of Ypres (Oct- Nov 1914)= British maintain hold on British channel but Germans gain ground
- Battle on Hill 60 (Apr 1915)= British tunnel under and explode mines then take hill
- Second Battle of Ypres (Apr-May 1915)= first use of chlorine gas
- Third Battle of Ypres (Jul-Nov 1917)= use of creeping barrage, weather means waterlogged and drowning
- The Somme (Jul-Nov 1916)= extremely high casualties on both sides
- Arras (Apr-May 1917)= use of tunnels caves, quarries and shelters, enormous casualties on both sides
- Cambrai (Nov-Dec 1917)= first large scale use of tanks
- Trenches were built in a zig-zag pattern
- dugouts were used by troops to take cover
- frontline was where attacks were launched
- reserve trench was where troops were stationed for counter attacks
- trenches were muddy and overcrowded (made worse with weather)
- Battles
- Injuries and illnesses
- Gas attacks cause blindness and coughing
- lead to creation of gas masks
- Head injuries
- lead to soft caps changed for helmets
- require brain surgery or facial reconstruction
- Shell shock lead to mental illness
- some saw this as cowardice
- Trench fever caused by lice
- lead to soldiers being deloused
- Trench foot caused by standing in waterlogged trenches
- lead to soldiers having spare socks and pumps used to deal with water
- Shrapnel caused major internal injuries
- Tetanus and gangrene bacteria from soil infecting wounds lead to injections being given
- Gas attacks cause blindness and coughing
- RAMC and FANY
- volunteers used for driving ambulances, cooking & cleaning
- problems
- difficult terrain
- roads and railway destroyed
- shelling and artillery made it difficult to recover
- not enough ways of transport
- chain of evacuation
- regimental aid post= near frontline to administer first aid(serious injuries sent to next stage)
- Dressing stations= set up in dug outs to look after men for a week (serious cases sent to next stage)
- Casual clearing stations= larger and better equipped with medical staff for cases with a chance of survival
- Base hospitals= situated near the ports to either be sent home or to the trenches
- Casual clearing stations= larger and better equipped with medical staff for cases with a chance of survival
- Dressing stations= set up in dug outs to look after men for a week (serious cases sent to next stage)
- regimental aid post= near frontline to administer first aid(serious injuries sent to next stage)
- Medicine in the early 20th century
- Wilhelm Roentgen saw some rays could pass through the body to produce and image
- helped diagnose embedded objects and bone problems
- problems
- x-rays took a long time
- high doses of radiation caused hair loss
- large machines were too heavy to move
- doctors carried out blood transfusions from animals to humans (low survival rate)
- Blundell performed first human to human transfusion
- Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups (transfusions worked with blood groups)
- Blundell performed first human to human transfusion
- aseptic surgery
- theatres and wards cleaned
- surgeons and nurses wear sterilised clothing
- surgical instruments steamed clean
- rubber gloves used
- Wilhelm Roentgen saw some rays could pass through the body to produce and image
- Medical advances
- aseptic & antiseptic surgery could not be used on battle field
- chemicals couldn't be used against gas gangrene
- sterilised salt solution more effective
- didn't work on deep injuries
- limb would need to be amputated
- didn't work on deep injuries
- blood loss lead to shcok
- Lewisohn saw that sodium citrate stopped blood clotting
- Rous and Turner added citrate glucose to store longer
- Lewisohn saw that sodium citrate stopped blood clotting
- Thomas Splint used to reduce death by broken limbs by keeping leg rigid reducing blood loss
- advances in surgery (facial reconstruction lead by Harold Gillies)
- x-rays help locate shrapnel and bullets (made easier with mobile machines)
- The Western Front- the trenches
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