Social psychology- Person perception
- Created by: Amy
- Created on: 08-12-21 16:10
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- Person perception
- Categorisation
- McGarty (1999)- Definition: 'the process of understanding what something is by knowing what other things it is equivalent to and what other things it is different from'
- Rosch 1978- categories have uncertain or 'fuzzy' boundaries
- Prototypicatlity- the most representative members of a category is based on an averaging of traits. It is a more useful uderstanding of how we use categories. (Barsalou, 1990)
- Prototypes from social categories = stereotypes
- Stereotype formation- stereotypes provide a rule of thumb or heuristic (Bodenhousen 1990)
- Illusory correlation- a means by which stereotypes form whereby two variables become associated where no true or little association exists (Chapman1967; Hamilton & Gifford 1976)
- Demonstration by Jackson (200) based on Hamilton and Gifford (1976)- ratio of + &- events equal in two groups, minority group viewed less favourably despite having the same ratio, - info becomes associated with minorities
- Prototypes from social categories = stereotypes
- Common times/bases for unconsciously categorise
- on the basis of features encountered first (temporal primacy)
- when differences are very salient (perceptual salience)
- when we are very used to classifying using particular categories (chronic accessibility)
- Dual process theories
- Categorisation (heuristics)= cognitive miser
- Individuation (personalised attributes)= naïve scientist
- Switching between strategies= motivated tactican
- Categorisation vs Individuation
- Categories provide structure and reduce the time we need to think about things- we are cognitive misers (Fiske &Taylor 1991) eg when meeting someone for the first time we may stereotype them because it provides structure fast
- Fiske and Neuberg (1990)- perception is based on a continuum from categorisation through to individuation
- Categorisation -- impression formation processing --> Individuation
- Individuation- the ability to differentiate between groups members based on their individual attributes
- Can occur when heuristic processing is difficult- there is a poor fit between the target person and category
- Hutter & Crisp (2005) eg it would be difficult to percive a bricklayer educated at Oxford as a stereotypical bricklayer
- Can occur when heuristic processing is difficult- there is a poor fit between the target person and category
- Disadvantages of categorisation
- Leads to heightened accessibility of stereotype consistent info
- Cohen (1981)- showed ps a video of a woman having a birthday dinner, told them she was a waitress (more likely to recall she ws deinking a beer)/ librarian (more likely to recall she was wearing glasses), associated stereotypes had biased their perceptions
- Illusory correlation, ingroup=+ info, outgroup=-info, the - traits become automated at an unconscious level
- Automatic processes (stereotypes are often activated in this way) occur unconsciously, without intention, are uncontrollable and not effortful
- Illusory correlation, ingroup=+ info, outgroup=-info, the - traits become automated at an unconscious level
- Cohen (1981)- showed ps a video of a woman having a birthday dinner, told them she was a waitress (more likely to recall she ws deinking a beer)/ librarian (more likely to recall she was wearing glasses), associated stereotypes had biased their perceptions
- Leads to heightened accessibility of stereotype consistent info
- Bargh, Chen and Burrows (1996)
- Primed ps with scrambled sentences. Elderly condition (words related to elderly stereotype, neutral condition (neutral words). Measured time taken to walk to a nearby elevator.
- Elderly condition was slower, ps behaved in line with elderly stereotype, behavioural assimilation
- - failure to replicate (Doyen et al 2012)
- Activatioo of stereotypes can lead to bias and unconscious processes that influence our behaviour (controversial)
- Primed ps with scrambled sentences. Elderly condition (words related to elderly stereotype, neutral condition (neutral words). Measured time taken to walk to a nearby elevator.
- Categorisation
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