Social Influence Revision
- Created by: ziahcharles
- Created on: 21-03-16 20:40
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- Social Influence Revision
- Obedience
- Milgram
- 40 male ppts involved in a study on 'how punishment affects learning'
- the ppts were always the teacher and a confederate was the learner
- every time the confederate gave a wrong answer, the teacher had to administer an electric shock
- starting at 15V and increasing to 450V in 15V intervals
- all ppts went to 300V and 65% administered the full 450V
- starting at 15V and increasing to 450V in 15V intervals
- every time the confederate gave a wrong answer, the teacher had to administer an electric shock
- the ppts were always the teacher and a confederate was the learner
- Baumrind- ethics- deception and no right to withdraw
- Perry- believers and doubters- lack of internal validity
- Blass- statistical analysis- same thing would happen today- historical validity
- 40 male ppts involved in a study on 'how punishment affects learning'
- Situational Factors
- Proximity
- proximity study- same room- 40% obedience
- touch proximity study- 30% obedience
- experimenter absent study- 21% obedience
- Location
- Milgram tried his study in a run-down office in Conneticut
- 48% delivered full 450V
- Milgram tried his study in a run-down office in Conneticut
- Uniform
- Bushman
- female researcher told people in the street to give money to male researcher for expired parking meter
- police-style uniform- 72% obeyed
- business executive- 48% obeyed
- beggar- 52% obeyed
- female researcher told people in the street to give money to male researcher for expired parking meter
- Bushman
- Proximity
- Agentic State
- Self-image
- people want a positive self image
- in the agentic state, their self image remains intact as they are carrying out someone else's wishes
- people want a positive self image
- Binding factors
- social etiquette keeps you in the agentic state as you don't want to disappoint the researcher
- Self-image
- Legitimacy of authority
- power stems from someone's perceived position in a social situation
- definition of the situation
- requires an institution
- Milgram
- Conformity
- Types of Conformity
- Compliance
- gain approval/ avoid disapproval
- change in public but privately disagree
- Internalisation
- acceptance of the group's views
- examine their own beliefs
- agree both publicly and privately
- difficult to distinguish between
- Compliance
- gain approval/ avoid disapproval
- change in public but privately disagree
- compliance -> internalisation
- 'I agreed with the group, therefore that must be what I really believe'
- internalisation -> compliance
- info forgotten/ new info received so public acceptance disspates
- Compliance
- Identification
- want to associate with a group
- individual accepts the attitude as being right (internalisation)
- purpose of adopting behaviour is to fit in (compliance)
- Compliance
- Explanations of Conformity
- Normative Social Influence
- involves compliance and the desire to be liked
- individual must believe they are under surveillance by the group
- Linkenbach and Perkins
- adolescents told that most teens don't smoke were less likely to do it too
- Schultz et al.
- told hotel guests that 75% of guests reused their towels
- Untitled
- told hotel guests that 75% of guests reused their towels
- Informational Social Influence
- Internalisation
- acceptance of the group's views
- examine their own beliefs
- agree both publicly and privately
- difficult to distinguish between
- compliance -> internalisation
- 'I agreed with the group, therefore that must be what I really believe'
- internalisation -> compliance
- info forgotten/ new info received so public acceptance disspates
- compliance -> internalisation
- desire to be right
- more likely in ambiguous situations
- Wittenbrink and Henley
- exposed ppts to negative info about african americans
- ppts reported negative beliefs about a black individual
- exposed ppts to negative info about african americans
- Fein et al.
- ppts saw people's reactions during a presidential debate
- this produced large shifts in ppts' judgements
- ppts saw people's reactions during a presidential debate
- Internalisation
- Normative Social Influence
- Variables affecting conformity
- Asch
- 3 lines and a standard line
- 12 critical trials- confederates instructed to give wrong answer
- conformity rate 33%
- control condition- errors made just 1% of the time
- ppts demonstrated compliance
- 20% conformed on all 12 critical trials
- 12 critical trials- confederates instructed to give wrong answer
- research conducted during an anti-communist period
- people more likely to conform
- Mori and Arai gave ppts glasses- 3 had the same but 1 had different glasses, so they saw the stimulus material differently
- for femailes, similar results to Asch were obtained
- confederates acted convincingly
- for femailes, similar results to Asch were obtained
- 3 lines and a standard line
- Group size
- conformity increases as group size increases from 1/2 to 3 people, but further increases don't have much of an effect
- Unanimity
- conformity levels dropped from 33% to 5.5% when ppts had the support of another ppt or a confederate giving the right answer
- Difficulty of task
- those more confident in their ability to do the task are less likely to conform (Lucas et al.)
- Asch
- Social roles
- SPE
- 24 stable male students randomly assigned to prisoner or guard
- prisoners allowed 3 meals and 3 supervised toilet trips a day and 2 visits a week
- guards given uniforms, clubs, whistles and wore reflective sunglasses
- over the first few days guards grew increasingly tyrannical
- they forgot it was a psychological study
- guards conformed even when unaware of being watched
- prisoner asked for 'parole' rather than to be withdrawn from the study
- 5 prisoners released early.
- study terminated after just 6 days due to the intervention of a postgraduate student
- they forgot it was a psychological study
- ethical- followed the guidelines of the Stanford university ethics comittee
- some guards were good- conformity not automatic, conclusions not firm
- Banuazizi and Movahedi- students could figure out the purpose and change their behaviour
- real life relevance- Abu Ghraib 2003/2004
- 24 stable male students randomly assigned to prisoner or guard
- BBC
- 2 prisoners, 1 guard
- prisoners worked together to overcome guard's authority
- ethical- minimised ethics as much as possible
- 2 prisoners, 1 guard
- SPE
- Types of Conformity
- Obedience
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