PSYA4 Research Methods
- Created by: Liv Scott
- Created on: 07-03-15 15:05
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- Research Methods
- Scientific process
- Indiction
- Reasoning from the particular to the general e.g. Newton's laws
- Observation, hypothesis, conduct a study, draw conclusion & then propose theory
- Deduction
- Reasoning from the general to the particular e.g. psychology
- Observations, propose theory, hypothesis, conducts a study & draw conclusion
- Indiction
- Features of science
- Reliability
- If an experiment is repeatable & original results are found then it is valid.
- Objectivity
- Observations & experiments should be unaffected by bias
- Empiricism
- Info should be gained through direct observation & investigation
- Control
- Research attempts to find casual relationships. Other variables must be controlled
- Theory constrution
- Uses facts to construct theories to help understand &
- Reliability
- Peer review
- The assessment of scientific work and research by experts within the same field before publication
- Ensures published research is of high and valid quality. Prevents fraudulent & dangerous research entering society
- It isn't always possible to find an expert. Bias in review. File draw effect.
- Research design
- Research method
- Experimental
- Laboratory
- Experiment in controlled enviroment
- High internal validity; good replicability; cause & effect shown
- Low ecological validity & mundane realism & experimenter effects
- Field
- Experiment in a natural enviroment
- Reduced experimenter effects & increased external validity
- Demand characteristics & less control
- Natural
- Uses existing IVs
- No experimenter effects & increased external validity
- Reduced validity; no control; no replicaiton
- Laboratory
- Non-experimental
- Questionnaires & interviews
- Series of questions to find out current/retrospective data. Structured or un-structured. Open or closed questions.
- Easy & quick to collect lots of data
- Ppts lie, low control, extraneous variables, low response rate
- Observation
- Behavioural categories used to record behaviour. Time or event sampling. Covert or overt. Participant or non-ppt.
- Quantitative & Qualitative data & info is detailed
- Obersiver bias, low control & possible ethical issues
- Correlation
- Identifies relationships between co-varibles
- Cause & effect can't be established. Lack internal validity
- Can use large sets of data= more reliable & high pop validity
- Identifies relationships between co-varibles
- Case studies
- Detailed studies of a person or small group uses various methods
- Qualitative & quantitative data, very detailed, longditudinal
- Low pop validity & retrospective data
- Meta-analysis
- Analysis of many studies, used to draw overall conclusions
- Lots of data= high pop validity
- File drawer effect
- Questionnaires & interviews
- Experimental
- Sampling
- Opportunity
- Ppts who are most easily available
- Easy & quick
- Not representative
- Volunteer
- People asked to be ppts
- Can have variety. Quick & easy
- Sample bias
- Random
- Target identifies, then every one has an equal chance of being picked
- Un-biased sample
- Time consuming, not necessarily representative & expensive
- Stratified & Quota
- Sub-groups identified & ppts picked randomly (strat) or with opportunity (quota)proportionate to their representation in population
- Represntative
- Very time consuming, very difficult
- Opportunity
- Research method
- Validity
- If something measures what it is supposed to be measuring
- Internal- If the findings are due to manipulation of variables
- External- If findings can be generalised to different settings
- Face validity
- Concurrent validity
- Population validity
- Ecological validity
- If something measures what it is supposed to be measuring
- Ethics
- Informed consent
- Deception
- Right to withdraw
- Protection from harm
- Confidentiality
- Privacy
- Data analysis
- Graphical represnation
- Bar chart for nominal
- Histogram for continuous
- Frequency polygon for multiple sets of data
- Scatter grams for relationships between co-variables
- Probability & significance
- Significance- if the results couldn't have arisen by chance they are significant
- Type 2 error- (negative) call results not sig when they are
- Type 1 error- (positive) calls results sig when they aren't
- Statistical tests
- Nominal- chi-squared
- Correlation- Spearman's Rho
- Independent Groups- Mann-Whitney
- Repeated measures- Wilcoxon
- Qualitative data
- Watch/read qualitative data
- Create coding themes to record certain behaviour
- Tally the behaviour
- Analyse the data
- Reports
- Abstract- A summary of the study & its components
- Introduction & aim- What the research intends to study
- Methodology- detailed description of the procedure
- Results- what was found
- Discussion- Explanations, limitations of research & practical uses
- References- any journals/books used
- Graphical represnation
- Reliability
- Refers to how consistently a measure measures something
- Internal- if a test method is consistent
- External- Refers to if it is consistent over time
- Refers to how consistently a measure measures something
- Scientific process
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