Popular Music
- Created by: hlouiset
- Created on: 29-02-16 11:08
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- New Orleans Jazz
- Instrumentation
- Trumpet
- Trombone
- Clarinet
- Double Bass
- Drums
- Guitar
- Banjo
- Piano
- Vocals (occas.)
- Performance and Arrangement
- Lively and fast
- Strong rhythmic emphasis on beats 2 and 4
- Guitar banjo or piano play chords
- Harmonies less complex than later jazz
- Bass plays two beats to the bar
- Not much syncopation
- Main Melody - Improv
- Improv often has two or more instruments soloing together
- Some use of blue notes and chromatic movement
- Technology and Production
- Victor Recording Company (1917)
- Earliest recordings
- Original Dixieland Jass Band
- Livery Stable Blues
- Dixie Jass Band One Step
- Mechanical recording process (Acoustic recording)
- Poor reproduction of frequency range and dynamics
- Victor Recording Company (1917)
- Influences
- Work Songs
- Marching Bands/ Brass Bands
- Ragtime
- Blues
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Popular from early 1900s-1920s
- Revival in 1950s and remains popular
- Played in bars and clubs (New Orleans)
- Popularised by sheet music and recording sales
- Played by white and black musicians instead of just black
- Popular from early 1900s-1920s
- Main Artists
- Buddy Bolden
- Joe 'King' Oliver
- Jelly Roll Morton
- Kid Ory
- Original Dixieland Jass Band
- Instrumentation
- Big Band and Swing
- Instrumanetation
- Drums
- Upright Bass
- Piano
- Guitar
- Trumpets
- Trombone
- Cornets
- Saxophone
- Clarinet
- Vocals (occas.)
- Main Artists
- Duke Ellington
- Count Basie
- Louis Armstrong
- Cab Calloway
- Benny Goodman
- Glen Miller
- Coleman Hawkins
- Influences
- Ragtime
- New Orleans Jazz
- Blues
- Brass Band
- Popular Song/Tin Pan Alley
- Vaudeville
- Technology and Production
- Carbon microphones
- Better frequency and dynamic response
- Gramophone & 78rpm records
- Development of radio
- Limited quality
- Spot mic-ing
- Carbon microphones
- Performance and Arrangement
- Main melody played by whole ensemble
- Improvised solos
- AABA structure (32-bar structure)
- Brass - Supporting roles
- Rhythmic, syncopated stabs
- Piano and guitar - syncopated chordal patterns
- Extended chords used
- Swing rhythm
- Walking bass
- Jazz standards
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Popular 1920s-1940s
- Speakeasies - Illegal drinking clubs
- Victor Recording Company
- Columbia Recording Company
- Instrumanetation
- Stride Piano
- Main Artists
- James Price Johnson
- Thomas 'Fats' Waler
- Willie 'The Lion' Smith
- Influences
- Ragtime
- Blues
- Performance and Arrrangement
- Alternating bass notes and chords in the left hand
- Melodic and improv roles in the right hand
- Blues scale
- Often solo performance
- Main Artists
- Boogie Woogie
- Main Artists
- Meade 'Lux' Lewis
- Pinetop Perkins
- Influence
- Ragtime
- Blues
- Performance and Arrangement
- Heavily swung quaver patterns in the left hand
- Melodies and improv in the right hand
- Singers and other instruments are more common
- Fast tempo
- 12-bars blues
- Main Artists
- Gypsy Jazz
- Main Artists
- Django Reinhardt and his Quintette du Hot Club de France
- Stephane Grappelli
- Influences
- Swing
- Music Hall
- Gypsy and Eastern European Folk
- Instrumentation
- Acoustic Steel Strung Guitar
- Double Bass
- Violin
- Piano (occas.)
- Vocals (occas.)
- Performance and Arrangement
- Fast tempo
- Fast soloing shared between instruments
- Guitar plays four-to-the-bar chords
- Walking bass or two-to-the-bar patterns
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Developed in the 1930s
- Popular 1930s-1950s
- Jazz standards as well as own compositions
- Main Artists
- Bebop
- Instrumentation
- Saxophone
- Trumpet
- Trombone
- Clarinet
- Drums
- Double Bass
- Piano
- Guitar
- Performance and Arrangement
- Fast tempo
- Rhythm section uses syncopation
- Swing pattern on ride cymbal
- Walking bass often diverts to more rhythmically complex patterns
- Complex harmony and inprovisation
- Unusual phrasing
- Virtuoso performances
- Common jazz chords extended
- Use of dissonance
- Technology and Production
- Early recordings similar to jazz recordings in the 1940s
- Use of tape recorders, improved mics, amps and mixing desks in 1950s
- Introduction of vinyl records in 1950s
- Main Artists
- Coleman Hawkins
- Charlie Parker
- Dizzy Gilliepie
- Thelonious Monk
- Influences
- Swing
- Big Band
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Developed in the 1940s
- Popular 1940s-1960s
- 'Hard Bop' developed with R&B influences
- Jazz standards with re-worked harmonies and
- Instrumentation
- Cool Jazz
- Instrumentation
- Saxophone
- Trumpet
- Drums
- Double Bass
- Piano
- Performance and Arrangement
- Slower tempo than bebop
- More spacious arrangement
- Complex harmonies
- Rhythmically complex drum part
- Improvisation used
- Technology and Production
- Improved microphones and recording technology
- Spot mic-ing
- Main Artists
- Miles Davis
- Gerry Mulligan
- Dave Brubeck
- Bill Evans
- Influences
- Blues
- Bebop
- Swing
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Popular late1940s-1960s
- Also known as West Coast Jazz due to the heavy presence around LA
- Instrumentation
- Avant-Garde and Free Jazz
- Instrumentation
- Typical jazz combo
- Performance and Arrangement
- Improvisation without many constraints
- Loosely arranged chord structures, form, tempo, time sig. and rhythm
- Influences
- Bebop
- Cool
- Swing
- Main Artists
- Ornette Coleman
- John Coltrane
- Charles Mingus
- Archie Shepp
- Sun Ra
- Instrumentation
- Latin Jazz
- Instrumentation
- Horn Section
- Latin Percussion Ensemble
- Drums (occas.)
- Bass
- Piano
- Guitar
- Vocals
- Performace and Arrangement
- Similar to swing and big band
- Heavy featured percussion wit Latin rhythms
- Main Artists
- Joao and Astrud Gillberto
- Tito Puente
- Buena Vista Social Club
- Influences
- Latin American Folk and Dance Music
- Swing
- Big Band
- Cool
- Bebop
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Many American jazz musicians collaborated with Brazilian, Cuban and other Latin American musicians
- Still popular in Latin America
- Instrumentation
- Jazz Fusion
- Late 1960s & early 1970s
- Jazz began to fuse with pop
- Blues
- Acoustic Blues
- Main Artists
- Robert Johnson
- John Lee ******
- Lead Belly
- Tampa Red
- Big Joe Williams
- Bessie Smith
- Instrumentation
- Vocals
- Acoustic Guitar
- Piano
- Harmonica
- Backing Vocals (occas.)
- Main Artists
- Electric Blues
- Main Artists
- Muddy Waters
- Buddy Guy
- T-Bone Walker
- Howlin' Wolf
- Elmore James
- B.B. King
- Instrumentation
- Vocals
- Electric Guitar
- Electric/ Acoustic Bass
- Drums
- Piano
- Hamonica
- Backing Vocals
- Main Artists
- Performance and Arrangement
- 12-bar structure
- Vocals are passionate, loud and expressive
- Elaboration on simple melodies with slides, ornamentation etc.
- Call and resonse
- Use of stops
- Blues scale/ blues notes
- Shuffle rhythm
- Extended chords in melody
- Technology and Production
- Early recordings on cylinders
- Later recordings on metal discs
- Overdriven guitar developed with electric guitars
- Electric guitar and better amplification developed
- Influences
- African-American Work Songs
- Ragtime
- Spirituals
- European and African Folk Music
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Origin late 1800s in rural states of the US
- Also known as Delta Blues, Jug Bands Country Blues
- Mgratin to cities lead to electric blues in the 1940s
- Mostly performed in bars and clubs
- Sun Records and Chess were recording companies used for blues
- Acoustic Blues
- Rhythm and Blues
- Instrumentation
- Vocals
- Backing Vocals
- Drums
- Bass
- Guitar
- Piano
- Horn Section
- Performance and Arrangement
- Similar to blues
- Faster than blues
- Larger ensembles and more dance oriented than blues
- Main Artists
- Ray Charles
- Ruth Brown
- The Drifters
- Ben E King
- Sam Cooke
- Influences
- Blues
- Boogie Woogie
- Doo ***
- Gospel
- Key Facts and Terminology
- The R&B charts were separate from the mainstream charts
- Rhythm and blues was the term used to replace the term race music
- Instrumentation
- Jump Blues
- Instrumentation
- Horn Secton
- Vocals
- Drums
- Bass
- Piano
- Electric Guitar
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Popular in New York and on the West Coast in California
- Influences
- New Orleans Jazz
- Swing
- Big Band
- Blues
- Gospel
- Performance and Arrangement
- Faster and livelier than blues
- Jazz influences more prominent
- Horns are solo instruments
- Main Artists
- Big Joe Turner
- Louis Jordan
- Jimmy Witherspoon
- Instrumentation
- Rock and Roll
- Instrumentation
- Vocals
- Backing Vocals
- Electric Guitar
- Double Bass or Electric Bass
- Drums
- Piano
- Acoustic Guitar (occas.)
- Harmonica
- Saxophone
- Brass
- Performance and Arrangement
- Fast tempo
- Energetic delivery
- 12 bar chord pattern
- Use of major keys but with blues scale in vocals and lead
- Strong backbeat on beats 2 and 4
- Shuffle rhythm
- Walking bass based on ascending and descending pattern of root-3rd-5th-6th-flat 7th-6th-5th-3rd
- Bass lin often doubled by electric guitar
- Rhythm guitar uses 6th and 7th extensions of chords
- Use of stops
- Use of guitar solos
- Call and response
- Backing vocals are simple
- Technology and Production
- Slap back delay developed
- Music released on vinyl
- Better quality, wider frequency reproduction and better dynamic range
- Early three track recorders used in the 1950s
- Poor frequency reproduction due to mic positions and spill
- Live recordings direct to tape
- Use of echo chambers
- Use of overdriven valve amplifiers used
- Main Artists
- Bill Haley and his Comets
- Little Richard
- Chuck Berry
- Elvis Presley
- Jerry Lee Lewis
- Bo Diddley
- Cliff Richard
- Influences
- Country
- Blues
- R&B
- Gospel
- Key Fact and Terminology
- Mainly produced in the 1950s
- Developed in the urban areas of the southern states of the US
- Electric guitar became central to the music
- Controuversaial performers gave the music a rebel image
- Important record labels include Chess Records and Sun Studios
- Rockabilly is rock and roll with more of a country influence
- Instrumentation
- Technology and Production
- Slap back delay developed
- Music released on vinyl
- Better quality, wider frequency reproduction and better dynamic range
- Early three track recorders used in the 1950s
- Poor frequency reproduction due to mic positions and spill
- Live recordings direct to tape
- Use of echo chambers
- Use of overdriven valve amplifiers used
- Soul
- Instrumentation
- Vocals
- Backing Vocals
- Drums/ Percussion
- Bass
- Electric Guitar
- Piano
- Electric Piano
- Electric Organ
- Hon Section
- String Section
- Performance and Arrangement
- Emotional vocal delivery
- Shared lead vocals between singers (occas.)
- Driving rhythm
- Drums give steadyback beat on beats 2 and 4
- Rhythmic riff based bass line
- Rhythmic chordal pattern on piano and guitar
- Brisk tempo (120bpm or more)
- Strong use of hooks
- Call and response
- Simple structure
- Use of pentatonic scales with additional blues notes
- Technology and Production
- Early adaption of multi-track tape machines
- DI guitars and bass
- Acoustic screens used for separation
- Close mic drum recording
- Vocals overdubed
- High quality mics
- Use of echo chamers
- Plate reverb
- Classic compressors usd on tracking and mix
- High quality recordings with full-range frequency reproduction
- Stereo mixes with extreme panning
- Main Artists
- Sam Cooke
- Wilson Pickett
- Otis Redding
- Stevie Wonder
- The Jackson 5
- James Brown
- Influnces
- R&B
- Gospel
- Jazz singers
- Psychedelic Rock
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Popular from late 1950s-mid 1970s
- Origined in large cities in southern states of the US
- Important record labls include Stax, Atlantic and Motown
- Instrumentation
- Country Music
- Instrumentation
- Acoustic Guitar
- Electric Guitar
- Bass
- Drums/ Percussion
- Violin
- Banjo
- Pedal Steel Guitar
- Harmonica
- Keyboards
- String Section (occas.)
- Horn Section (occas.)
- Vocals
- Backing Vocals
- Performance and Arrangement
- Acoustic guitar uses rhythmic strumming, chops or picking
- Finger-picking styles used on banjo and guitar
- Simple rhythms
- Strong backbeat emphasis from snare and guitar
- Two-to-the-bar bass lines playing root 5th figures
- 3/4 time signature
- Close harmony backing vocals
- Vocal techniques used yodeling and falsetto
- Technology and Production
- Varies as production methods evolved through years
- Important recording industry in Nashville
- Electric guitar sound clean and 'twangy'
- Main Artists
- Jimmie Rodgers
- Spade Cooley
- Johnny Cash
- Dolly Parton
- The Charlie Daniels Band
- Hank Williams
- Influences
- European Folk Music
- Blues
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Started in early 20th century in southern states of the US
- Associated with cowboys earlier on and truckers later
- Still popular in present time
- Instrumentation
- Psychedelic Rock
- Instrumentation
- Guitars
- Drums
- Bass
- Keyboards
- Vocals
- Backing Vocals
- Sitar
- Mandolin
- Dulcimer
- Mellotron Keyboard
- Performance and Arrangement
- Unusual timbres and open spacey textures
- Loose forms used for songs
- Extended jamming and soloing over grooves and chord patterns
- Vocals given a spacey quality
- Tempo, key and time signature changes used
- Songs could be long and complex
- Technology and Production
- Processing used on guitars (distortion, feedback, fuzz, phasing, delay)
- Mellotrom smapler used for unusual timbres
- Large amounts of reverb and delay
- Phasers and flangers popular
- Synthesisers used
- Tape loops and ambient recordings used
- Main Artists
- Grateful Dead
- The Doors
- Frank Zappa
- Hawkwind
- Influences
- UK Rock
- Folk Rock
- Experimental Music
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Late 1960s-early 1970s
- Concept albums were popular
- The use of mind altering drugs played a part in the way songs were put together and what they sounded like
- Lyric themes often surreal
- Instrumentation
- Progressive Rock
- Instrumentation
- Drums
- Bass
- Guitar
- Keyboards
- Synthesisers
- Electric Organ
- Electric Piano
- Vocals
- Backing Vocals
- String Section (occas.)
- Horn Section (occas.)
- World Instruments (occas.)
- Performance and Arrangement
- Tempo and time signature changes
- Musically complex and technically difficult to play
- Long complex instrumental passgaes
- Melody and harmony sometimes complicated and unusual
- Structure can be complex
- Changes in texture and dynamics common
- Drum part rhythmically complex
- Influences
- UK Rock
- Psychedelic Rock
- Jazz
- World Music
- Classical
- Main Artists
- Pink Floyd
- King Crimson
- Yes
- Genesis
- Jethro Toll
- Technology and Production
- Use of lush reverbs, delay and 'expensive sounding' layered recordings
- Guitar sounds vary from clean sound, effects (chorus etc.), flanger and phaser to distortion and fuzz
- Moog and ARP fairly new instruments
- Synthesisers important
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Started in the late 1960s
- Also known as Prog Rock
- Popular late 1960s-1970s
- Instrumentation
- P
- O
- P
- U
- L
- A
- R
- M
- U
- S
- I
- C
- Heavy Rock
- Instrumentation
- Guitars
- Drums
- Bass
- Vocals
- Keyboards
- Performance and Arrangement
- Vocals high-powered
- Riff based guitar patterns
- Use of power chords
- Solos include fast, technically difficult work
- Use of pentatonic scales and blues notes
- Use of modal scales and chromaticism in riffs and lead lines
- Driving rhythms from guitars, drums and bass
- Drums use alot of cymbals and toms and can be very technical
- Technology and Production
- Use of distortionand valve amp sound on guitars
- Effects such as fuzz, wah wah and phaser used
- Fedback and finger tapping used
- Drums and bass thick and heavy
- Large, obvious reverb
- Main Artists
- Jimi Hendrix
- Led Zeppelin
- Deep Purple
- Black Sabbath
- Motorhead
- Iron Maiden
- Metallica
- Bon Jovi
- Influences
- Blues
- R&B
- Prog Rock
- British Blues
- Psychedelic Rock
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Guitar is the centrepiece of the music
- Instrumentation
- Glam Rock
- Instrumentation
- Vocals
- Backing Vocals
- Guitar
- Bass
- Drums/ Percussion
- Keyboards
- Horns (ocass.)
- Performance and Arrangement
- Melodic, hook-laden catchy songs
- Simple song strucure
- Distorted guitar playing riffs/ chordal patterns
- Driving rock beats
- 'Camp and glitzy' delivery
- Influences
- Rock and Roll
- Heavy Rock
- Psychedelic Rock
- 1960s Pop
- Technology and Production
- Use of distortion, fuzz and powerful amplification on guitars
- Multi-track recording
- Use of synths and effects
- Natural or plate reverb
- Tape echo
- Main Artists
- Slade
- David Bowie
- Gary Glitter
- The Sweet
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Popular 1970-1976
- Lyrics tended to be light and avoided controversal themes
- Instrumentation
- Disco
- Instrumentation
- Vocals
- Group Backing Vocals
- Drums/ Percussion
- Bass
- Guitars
- Keyboards
- Horn Section
- String Section (occas.)
- Performance and Arrangement
- Strict tempo
- Syncopation in percussion
- Four-to-the-floor
- Hi hat on off beat quavers
- Snare based around beats 2 and 4
- Bass line melodic and syncopated
- Rhythmic, choppy harmony on guitar and keyboards
- Chord pattern simple
- Technology and Production
- Large scale multi-track recording
- Lots of reverb used on vocals and horns
- Deep bass
- Lots of high frequency content
- Clean, thin guitar sound
- Electric pianos used: Fender Rhodes, Wurlitzer
- Hohner Clavinet
- Synthesisers used
- Use of wah wah and chorus on guitars and keyboards
- Early use of sequencers and drum machines
- Electric hand claps popular
- Kick drum layered with low synth note
- Songs released as 12" singles
- Remixes started
- DJs beat match and mix songs together
- Influences
- R&B
- Gospel
- Soul
- Funk
- Latin
- Main Artists
- Donna Summer
- The Jackson 5
- Chic
- The Bee Gees
- Village People
- Earth, Wind & Fire
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Started in gay clubs in New York in the 1970s
- Lyrics mainly love songs and party songs
- Instrumentation
- Funk
- Instrumentation
- Similar to disco
- Performance and Arrangement
- Exuberant and energetic
- More variation and syncopation in drums
- Intricate hi hat patterns
- Heavy backbeat on beats 2 and 4
- Bass lines syncopated and melodic
- Slap bass technique used
- Similar guitar and keyboard style to disco
- Extended groove based sections
- Improvisation and solos
- Rebel, anti-establishment image
- Technology and Production
- Similar to disco
- More focus on live recordings
- Fewer production tricks
- Main Artists
- James Brown
- Funkadelic
- Stevie Wonder
- Sly and the Family Stone
- Issac Hayes
- Influences
- R&B
- Soul
- Jazz
- Psychedelic Rock
- Latin
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Developed at the end of the 1960s
- Instrumentation
- Jazz-Funk and Funk-Rock
- Developed in the 1970s
- Herbie Hancock
- Stanley Clarke
- Bands like Jane's Addiction and Red Hot Chilli Peppers used funk influences in 80s and 90s rock
- Ska, Reggae and Dub
- Instrumentation
- Vocals
- Three or Four Part Backing Vocals
- Drums/ Percussion
- Bass
- Electric Guitar
- Piano
- Organ
- Synthesisers
- Horn Section
- Influences
- Blues
- R&B
- Gospel
- Soul
- Main Artists
- Bob Marley and the Wailers
- The Skatalites
- Alton Ellis
- Damian Marley
- Eek-a-Mouse
- Performance and Arrangement
- Drums emphasisew beat 3 (the drop)
- Sanre ohit on beat 3 with syncopated beats
- Technology and Production
- Key Facts and Terminology
- Instrumentation
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