Organic Chemistry
- Created by: Lotto65
- Created on: 07-04-17 15:14
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- Organic Chemistry
- Alkanes
- Complete combustion
- Carbon dioxide and water
- Incomplete combustion
- Water (and carbon dioxide or soot)
- Substitution (replace a hydrogen with a halogen under UV light)
- Halogenoalkanes
- React with hydrogen halides (at 100 degrees celcius)
- Electrophilic addition (carbocation as intermediate)
- Nucleophilic substitution (can also be called hydrolysis)
- With concentrated ammonia and heat in a sealed tube
- Amine
- With potassium cyanide (or cyanide ion) in heat under reflux
- Nitrile
- Primary halogenoalkanes have SN2 mechanism
- Alcohol + halogen (ion)
- See alcohol section for alcohol reactions
- Alcohol + halogen (ion)
- Tertiary halogenoalkanes have SN1 mechanism
- Carbocation and then alcohol
- With concentrated ammonia and heat in a sealed tube
- React with hydrogen halides (at 100 degrees celcius)
- Halogenoalkanes
- Cracking
- Alkenes (mainly addition reactions)
- React with hydrogen halides (at 100 degrees celcius)
- Electrophilic addition (carbocation as intermediate)
- Hydrogenation (heat, hydrogen and nickel catalyst)
- Alkanes
- Complete combustion
- Carbon dioxide and water
- Incomplete combustion
- Water (and carbon dioxide or soot)
- Substitution (replace a hydrogen with a halogen under UV light)
- Halogenoalkanes
- Nucleophilic substitution (can also be called hydrolysis)
- With concentrated ammonia and heat in a sealed tube
- Amine
- With potassium cyanide (or cyanide ion) in heat under reflux
- Nitrile
- Primary halogenoalkanes have SN2 mechanism
- Alcohol + halogen (ion)
- See alcohol section for alcohol reactions
- Alcohol + halogen (ion)
- Tertiary halogenoalkanes have SN1 mechanism
- Carbocation and then alcohol
- With concentrated ammonia and heat in a sealed tube
- Nucleophilic substitution (can also be called hydrolysis)
- Halogenoalkanes
- Cracking
- Alkenes (mainly addition reactions)
- Hydrogenation (heat, hydrogen and nickel catalyst)
- Catalytic hydration (sulfuric acid catalyst)
- Alcohols
- Combustion
- Carbon dioxide and water
- Oxidation of primary alcohols (acidified potassium dichromate or manganate catalyst) - Reflux
- Aldehyde
- Oxidation (acidified potassium dichromate or manganate catalyst)
- Carboxylic Acid
- React with an alcohol (esterification, nucleophilic substitution or condensation)
- Esters
- Reductrion (Lithium aluminium hydride as catalyst in dry ethoxyethane)
- Alcohols
- Combustion
- Carbon dioxide and water
- Oxidation of primary alcohols (acidified potassium dichromate or manganate catalyst) - Reflux
- Aldehyde
- Oxidation (acidified potassium dichromate or manganate catalyst)
- Carboxylic Acid
- React with an alcohol (esterification, nucleophilic substitution or condensation)
- Esters
- Reductrion (Lithium aluminium hydride as catalyst in dry ethoxyethane)
- React with an alcohol (esterification, nucleophilic substitution or condensation)
- Carboxylic Acid
- Reduction (Sodium borohydride as catalyst) to get primary alcohol
- Oxidation (acidified potassium dichromate or manganate catalyst)
- Aldehyde
- Oxidation of secondary alcohols(acidified potassium dichromate or manganate catalyst)
- Ketones
- Reduction (Sodium borohydride as catalyst) to get secondary alcohol
- Reduction (Sodium borohydride as catalyst) to get secondary alcohol
- Ketones
- Note: Tertiary alcohols are resistant to oxidation
- React with carboxylic acid (esterification, nucleophilic substitution or condensation)
- Combustion
- Alcohols
- React with an alcohol (esterification, nucleophilic substitution or condensation)
- Carboxylic Acid
- Reduction (Sodium borohydride as catalyst) to get primary alcohol
- Oxidation (acidified potassium dichromate or manganate catalyst)
- Aldehyde
- Oxidation of secondary alcohols(acidified potassium dichromate or manganate catalyst)
- Ketones
- Reduction (Sodium borohydride as catalyst) to get secondary alcohol
- Reduction (Sodium borohydride as catalyst) to get secondary alcohol
- Ketones
- Note: Tertiary alcohols are resistant to oxidation
- React with carboxylic acid (esterification, nucleophilic substitution or condensation)
- Combustion
- Alcohols
- Bromine water
- Colourless solution (Halogenoalcohol + hydrogen halide)
- React with halogens (e.g. Cl-Cl can have carbocation as intermediate)
- Dihalogenoalkane
- See halogenoalkane section for all possible reactions
- Dihalogenoalkane
- Addition polymerisation (sometimes uses organic peroxide catalyst)
- Polymers
- Hydrogenation (heat, hydrogen and nickel catalyst)
- Alkenes (mainly addition reactions)
- Complete combustion
- Alkanes
- Catalytic hydration (sulfuric acid catalyst)
- Bromine water
- Colourless solution (Halogenoalcohol + hydrogen halide)
- React with halogens (e.g. Cl-Cl can have carbocation as intermediate)
- Dihalogenoalkane
- See halogenoalkane section for all possible reactions
- Dihalogenoalkane
- Addition polymerisation (sometimes uses organic peroxide catalyst)
- Polymers
- React with hydrogen halides (at 100 degrees celcius)
- Alkenes (mainly addition reactions)
- Complete combustion
- Benzene
- Nitration (heated with mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid)
- Nitrobenzene
- Reduction (heat with mixture of tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid/ sodium hydroxide)
- Phenylamine
- Reduction (heat with mixture of tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid/ sodium hydroxide)
- Electrophilic substitution
- Nitrobenzene
- Generally undergoes substitution reactions as addition reactions break down the delocalised system and benzene's stability
- Hydrogenation
- Cyclohexane (C6H10)
- Alkanes containing benzene
- Same reactions as halogenoalkanes
- Halogen substiitution
- 'halo'benzene
- e.g. Chlorobenzene
- With a catalyst e.g. aluminium chloride
- 'halo'benzene
- Nitration (heated with mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid)
- Alkanes
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