nature of government
- Created by: avaniwilliams
- Created on: 13-05-18 20:29
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- Nature of Government
- Ideology
- Alexander II (1855 - 81)
- Stuck to autocratic principles
- Willing reformer
- Alexander III (1881 - 94)
- Intense authoritarian rule
- 'The Reaction' - response against his Fathers reformation period
- Nicholas II (1891- 1917)
- Severe form of Autocracy
- Fundamental laws 1906 displayed need for the preservation of autocracy
- Severe form of Autocracy
- Lenin (1917-1924)
- Marxism - Leninism
- Creation of an egalitarian society
- 'Labour Theory of Value'
- Dictatorship of the proletariat
- Passed on his views through writing
- Wanted to create 'socialism in one country'
- Marxism - Leninism
- Stalin (1924-1953)
- Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism
- Implemented a command economy
- Personalised the super -structure so he had full control
- Totalitarianism
- Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism
- Khrushchev (1955 - 1964)
- De-Stalinsation
- Authoritarian
- PG
- Democracy
- hold elections, create a democratic society like the west
- BUT......... most members of the Pg were previous members of the progressive Bloc, from the 4th duma, continuity from the Tsarist regime.
- only planned for elections, released political prisoners, stopped secret police
- hold elections, create a democratic society like the west
- Democracy
- Alexander II (1855 - 81)
- Systems
- Tsars
- All used the Council of Ministers, the Imperial Council of State, a Committee of Ministers and the Senate
- Nicholas II's October manifesto established a Duma (an elected urban council) and a State council
- Fundamental Laws restricted Duma's control
- Alexander II introduced the Zemstva - an elected rural council
- Both councils abolished in 1917
- Nicholas II's October manifesto established a Duma (an elected urban council) and a State council
- Fundamental Laws restricted Duma's control
- Nicholas II's October manifesto established a Duma (an elected urban council) and a State council
- Both councils abolished in 1917
- Alexander II introduced a jury system, a hierarchy of courts to deal with crimes and a new department of the Senate to try political cases
- Alexander III centralised the police, designed special courts for political cases and assigned land captains
- Communists
- All used the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Comissars
- Stalin implemented his 1936 Constitution introducing the USSR, the Soviet of the Union and Soviet of Nationalities
- By 1917, the Soviet council was officially the Petrograd Soviet of Worker's Deputies
- The Bolsheviks began to dominate the executive Committe
- New criminal code in 1921 legalised use of terror to deter crime
- Tsars
- Methods
- Reform
- Alexander II promoted railway construction and supported Witte's 'Great Spurt'
- Lenin's War Communism and NEP
- Alexander II Emancipation of the Serfs
- Stolypin's wager on the strong (1906-11)
- Stalin's Collectivisation and 5 year plans
- Kruschev's Virgin Lands Scheme
- Repression
- Secret police
- Alexander II, Alexander III and Nicholas II all used the Okhrana
- Targeted specific individuals and small groups
- Lenin estblished Cheka - enforced war communism and red teror
- Stalin introduced NKVD in 1934 - was relentless and enforced show trials and purges
- Kruschev established MVD for ordinary criminal acts and the KGB for security
- Alexander II, Alexander III and Nicholas II all used the Okhrana
- The army
- The MRC merged with Red Guard under Bolsheviks to create the Red Army
- Stalin continued to use the Red Army
- Propaganda
- Nicholas II used pamphlets portraits and events
- 'The tercentenary celebrations of 300 years of Romanov Rule' 1913
- Lenin's 'Peace, Land and Bread' campaign
- Stalin's Cult of Personality
- Nicholas II used pamphlets portraits and events
- Censorship
- Alexander II eased censorship eg new law that editors no longer needed to get prior approval
- Stalin was restrictive, 1932: all literary groups closed
- Alexander III increased Censorhip to limit harmful ideas in circulation
- Lenin abolished Press Freedom to suppress counter revolutionaries
- Censorship was eased under Khrushchev, 1950's - 65,000 books were published yearly
- Secret police
- Reform
- Ideology
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