Nationalism
- Created by: lesley1998
- Created on: 17-06-17 18:06
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- nationalism
- origins and development
- born during FR
- enthusiasm for the movement came from MC who wanted national unity and constitutional government
- came to stand for social cohesion, order and stability in growing challenge of socialism
- sought to integrate the increasingly powerful WC into the nation to preserve traditional social structure
- patriotic fever was celebrated by commemoration of past national glories
- caused chauvinism and xenophobia, with each nation claiming superiority and seeing others as alien and enemies , intensifying colonial expansion
- contributed to international rivalry, leading to WWI
- Woodrow Wilson at Paris Peace Conference advocated concept of self determination
- contributed to international rivalry, leading to WWI
- caused chauvinism and xenophobia, with each nation claiming superiority and seeing others as alien and enemies , intensifying colonial expansion
- national uprisings took place in colonial countries wanting national liberation
- core themes
- the nation
- nation should be the central principle of political organisation
- nations are cultural entities: groups of people bound together by shared values and traditions
- common language, religion, history and geographical area
- language is key to nationhood: embodies distinctive values and forms familiarity and belonging
- however different nations have same language e.g. UK and US
- some nations don't have a national language e.g. Switzerland
- religion is also key: expresses common morals
- Northern Ireland: same language divided by religion
- countries with same faith aren't same nation e.g. Brazil, Poland and Italy are predominantly Catholic but not one nation
- can be based on ethnic or racial unity e.g. Nazi regime
- nationalism usually more culturally based than biologically
- e.g. nationalism of US blacks is based on history and culture not ethnicity
- preserved by recalling past glories, birthdays of national leaders
- features can be based on future expectations
- only be defined subjectively by members not external factors
- a psycho-political entity: groups of people who consider themselves as natural political community, distinguished by shared loyalty or affection in form of patriotism
- objective difficulties such as small population or lack of resources are of little significance when people are insisting on national rights
- blend of cultural and psycho-political factors
- held together by primordial bonds
- civil nationalism: importance of civil consciousness and patriotic loyalty
- organic society
- naturally divided into collection of nations
- national ties and loyalties found in all communities
- primoridalist approach: national identity is historically embedded-common cultural heritage that can predate independence or statehood
- Anthony smith 1989-stresses continuity between modern and pre-modern ethnic communities
- modern nations are updated versions of immemorial ethnic communities
- modernist approach: national identity is forced in response to changing situations and historical challenges
- Ernest Gellner 1983- nationalism is linked to modernisation, especially industrialisation, emerging societies promoted social mobility, self-striving and competition
- national community is deep rooted and enduring
- Benedict Anderson 1983-emergence of capitalism and modern mass communications has formed nations in form of 'imagined community'
- constructivist approach: national identity is an ideological construct serving interests of large powerful groups
- Eric Hobsbawn 1983- nations are based on invented traditions. nationalism creates nations not the other way round- been a controlling device for RC to reduce risk of class rebellion by ensuring national loyalty is stronger than class solidarity
- naturally divided into collection of nations
- self-determination
- popular sovereignty, expressing idea of general will
- sovereign power rests with the nation
- nation is a natural political community
- national identity is based upon desire for people to attain/maintain political independence, expressed through national self-determination
- unification: collection of separate political entities sharing cultural characteristics are integrated into a single state
- can be created by independence from foreign rule e.g. Poland
- nation state is most desirable form of political organisation and only viable political unit
- offers both cultural cohesion and political unity: when people can self-govern then nationality and citizenship coincide
- nationalism acts to legitimise authority of government as they act in national interest
- can be federalism or devolution, doesn't always have to be separatism
- popular sovereignty, expressing idea of general will
- culturalism
- some forms are related to ethno-cultural aspirations and demands
- cultural nationalism: emphasises the strengthening or defence of cultural identity
- bottom-up: draws on popular rituals, traditions and legends rather than an elite 'higher' culture
- can help modernisation, gives people a means of 'recreating' a nation
- John Herder is architect of cultural nationalism
- Herder, Fichte and Jahn all believed in superiority of German culture
- Herder: each nation possesses a 'Volksgeist' (spirit of the people) which is revealed in songs, myths, legends- providing nation with source of creativity
- want to regenerate the nation as a distinctive civilisation
- political nationalism is rational and principled, cultural nationalism is 'mystical' and based on romantic belief in nation as unique history and organic whole
- Rousseau is father of political nationalism
- role of nation is to develop an awareness and appreciation of traditions and memories rather than have political aim of statehood
- endorsed by black panthers and Nation of Islam with'black nationalism'
- cultural forms of nationalism are seen as tolerant and consistent with progressive political goal- differing from ethnic nationalism
- ethnicity refers to loyalty towards a distinctive population, cultural group or territory
- ethnic groups suggest united by blood- impossible to join ethnic groups
- ethnic nationalism is exclusive and linked to racialism
- cultural and ethnic forms are viewed as related- 'ethnocultural nationalism'
- ethnic nationalism is exclusive and linked to racialism
- ethnic groups suggest united by blood- impossible to join ethnic groups
- associated with assimilation and cultural 'purity' making it incompatible with multiculturalism
- can cause chavinistic or hostile behaviour to other nations or minorities- fuelled by pride and fear
- the nation
- origins and development
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