psychology memory
- Created by: mmcbride
- Created on: 18-03-15 10:32
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- Memory
- Duration
- Sheperd
- 612 pictures
- tested: 1 hour/4 months
- Peterson and Peterson
- 3-18 seconds
- Trigrams
- Found that the longer the interval, less of trigram remembered
- Bahrick
- School yearbook photos
- 48 Years later
- 70% remembered accurately
- School yearbook photos
- Sheperd
- Working memory model
- Baddeley + Hitch
- Phonological loop, episodic buffer, visuo-spatial sketchpad and central excutive
- - it doesnt go into deatil of the key component
- + because it explains dual task studies
- Phonological loop developed in 1986, split into 2 sections: articulatory process and phonological store
- Episodic buffer added in 200, general store. Visuo -spatial sketchpad allows you to imagine what things look like. Central executiv, directs attention to tasks
- Encoding
- Baddeley
- STM relies heavily on acoustic coding
- LTM relies on semantic coding
- Songs are encoded acoustically even though its LTM
- Conrad
- Letters can be encoded by sound even when presented visually
- Baddeley
- Multistore model
- Atkinson and Shriffin
- 3 main senses: iconic, echoic and haptic
- Sensory memory (attention), STM(rehearsal ) + LTM (relaborate rehearsal / retrieval)
- - it doesnt go into enough detail
- + LTM is in the hippocampus and STM in the prefrontal coretex
- Atkinson and Shriffin
- Capacity
- Miller
- 7 + / -2
- Jacobs
- Digit span technique
- Digits average of 9.3, letters average of 7.3
- Digit span technique
- Simon/Cowan
- size of chunk matters, limited to 4 chunks
- Baddeley found chunking was effiecient
- Miller
- Memory improvement strategies
- Visual mnemonics: acronyms, acrostic peoms, rhyme and chunking
- Oragnisaion helps (Bower) + dual coding hypothesis (Pavio)
- Visual mnemonics: loci, key words and spider diagrams
- Key word good, Russian language, Atkinson
- Limited (link to key word) Slavin found it hasnt been effective in helping students actually speaking foregin language
- Key word good, Russian language, Atkinson
- Visual mnemonics: acronyms, acrostic peoms, rhyme and chunking
- Anxiety
- Deffenbacher
- Meta anlysis. 18 studies
- Anxiety causes poor recall
- Meta anlysis. 18 studies
- Christianson + Hubinette
- questioned 58 real bank robbery eyewitnesses
- Found eyewitnesses who were threatened by gun were more accurate even 15 months after
- Johnson + Scott
- Weapon effect
- Experiment: a man pen, grease, discussion. a man, knife, blood, arguement.
- Anxiety levels became too high, recall worse. condition 1 49% accurate. condition 2, 33%
- Experiment: a man pen, grease, discussion. a man, knife, blood, arguement.
- Weapon effect
- Deffenbacher
- Misleading questions
- Loftus + Palmer
- 45 people, video of car crashes
- Change of verbs
- Participants answers would change
- 45 people, video of car crashes
- Yuille + Cutshell
- 13 people, 4 months after robbery, 2 misleaading questions, accurate recall
- Wells + Olsen, gender, no noticeable difference
- Loftus + Palmer
- Age
- Memon et al
- (16-33) + (60-82) eyewitnesses
- Short delay between accident and identification, no difference
- identification process delayed, older eyewitnesses less accurate
- (16-33) + (60-82) eyewitnesses
- Yarmey
- woman, 15 seconds, 651 people
- young and middle aged confiident, elderly not confident
- woman, 15 seconds, 651 people
- Parker and Carranza
- Crime scene iimages + identification, children + college students
- Children more confident, less accurate
- Crime scene iimages + identification, children + college students
- Memon et al
- Cognitive interview
- Fisher + Geiselman
- 4 Sections: recall everything, different perspective, act it out and reverse order
- Time consuming, expensive but helps older people to recall
- Fisher + Geiselman
- Duration
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