Psychology Memory
- Created by: LottieGrigg
- Created on: 05-01-15 09:39
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- Memory
- Designs
- Independent Groups Design
- Involves different participants in each condition.
- Repeated Measures Design
- Every participant does all conditions, so participants are used as their own controls.
- Matched Pairs Design
- Match each participant in one condition as closely as possible with a participant in the other condition, on variables considered relevant to experiment.
- Independent Groups Design
- Samples
- Random Sampling
- Every person/item has an equal chance of being selected. Researcher can identify everyone in target population before sample selection takes place. Selection is completely unbiased.
- Opportunity Sampling
- Reseacher selects anyone who is available to take part from any given population. AKA convenience sample.
- Volunteer Sampling
- Individuals volunteer to take part in a study
- e.g. responding to an advert
- Individuals volunteer to take part in a study
- Random Sampling
- Lab experiements
- Advantages
- Replicability of Procedures
- Can be repeated by other researchers and similar results are obtained.
- Sophisticated Measuring and Recording Equipment
- Used easily compared to other settings.
- Control over Variables
- Control potential confounding variables, so high levels of precision. Variables controlled or eliminated, establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.
- Replicability of Procedures
- Disadvantages
- Loss of Validity
- By high control, situation becomes artificial. Human behaviour is complex and affected by internal factors.
- Ecological Validity
- Results are generalised outside the lab.
- e.g. word lists are used in memory experiments but rarely learned in everyday life.
- Results are generalised outside the lab.
- Demand Characteristics
- Participants adjust behaviours accordingly. Threatens validity. Participants may respond to subtle cues from investigator. May behave to help or confound results.
- Loss of Validity
- Advantages
- Standard Deviation
- Used to measure variability of a given sample of scores from its mean. Most powerful in measures of dispersion available to researcher.
- Hypothesis
- A testable statement
- Null Hypothesis
- Predicts no differences between the results from different conditions in an experiment. It predicts no correlation. Any correlations is found due to chance.
- Alternative Hypothesis
- Directional
- DOES predict the direction of the results of an experiment.
- Directional
- STM
- Encoding
- Acoustically
- Capacity
- 7+/-2 items
- Duration
- 30 seconds
- Encoding
- Method of Loci
- Identify a set of familiar places that you can imagine walking through. (e.g. 15 locations in your house)
- The number of places depends on the number of items to be remembered.
- Convert each item into an image and place mentally in location. (e.g. shopping list: loaf of bread at doorstep, smashed eggs on hall floor, bacon on kitchen tables, etc.)
- When ready to recall list imagine walking through locations and recall items.
- Convert each item into an image and place mentally in location. (e.g. shopping list: loaf of bread at doorstep, smashed eggs on hall floor, bacon on kitchen tables, etc.)
- The number of places depends on the number of items to be remembered.
- Identify a set of familiar places that you can imagine walking through. (e.g. 15 locations in your house)
- Working Memory
- Central Executive
- Controls attention and slave systems
- Most important component.
- Major role in planning, problem-solving and decision making.
- Flexible, process information from any modality.
- Limited storage capacity.
- Visuo-spatial scratch pad
- Storage for spatial and visual information. The 'inner eye'.
- Sets up and manipulates mental images.
- Limited capacity.
- Phonological Loop
- 1. Articulatory control system for verbal rehearsal.
- The 'inner voice'.
- Allows subvocal repetition. Prevented by 'articulatory suppression'.
- 2. Phonological store for acoustic information.
- The 'inner ear'.
- 1. Articulatory control system for verbal rehearsal.
- Central Executive
- LTM
- Capacity
- Unlimited
- Duration
- Lifetime
- Encoding
- Semantically
- Capacity
- Designs
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