Medicine through time 1700 -1900
- Created by: Katie2007
- Created on: 15-02-23 12:36
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- Medicine in C17th and C19th Britain
- Ideas about causes of disease and illness
- Spontaneous generation only believed by scientists but proven wrong by The Gem theory
- Koch proved that bacteria and germs caused diseases . e,g TB(1882) and Cholera.(1883)
- grew bacteria in agar jelly in petri dish help[ed to identify specific bacteria causing disease
- invented a method to grow and stain bacteria to make them easier to identify.
- inspired other scientists to discover the cause of pneumonia and tetnus
- Pasteur and the germ theory (1861)
- 1)Microbes cause decay and also disease .
- 2) The air is full of microbes
- 3) Microbes can be killed by heating them (Pasteurisation)
- Impact of Germ Theory
- Impact on Treatment
- understanding of germ theory impacted surgery
- Lister developed Carbolic Acid spray as an antiseptic (1865))
- Long term impact is scientist looked at treating specific diseases as Koch had identified the bacteria that caused diseases like Anthrax and small pox
- impact on ideas on cause of disease
- The germ theory identifies that germs and bacteria cause disease
- Work of Pasteur and Koch ended ideas of Miasma and spontaneous Generation.
- Koch proved John snow's theory on Cholera, identifying that bacteria that caused it.
- The study of bacteriology in 20th century had an enormous impact on our understanding of the causes of disease
- impact on care and hospital
- The improving of understanding lead to improvements in hospital designs . This included large windows, well ventilated rooms, and easy clean surfaces
- impact on prevention
- development of vaccinations from the work of Jenner
- Once Koch identified specific diseases such as Cholera, TB, Small pox vaccinations began to be developed
- Following the Germ theory the Government eventually began to spend money on public health Public health Act 1975
- Impact on Treatment
- extent of change in care and treatment
- Hospitals in the 18th Century
- in 1700 there were only 5 hospitals. New hospitals began to appear. however increase in population put pressure on an unprepared system.
- early hospitals had many problems including
- High deaths from infections
- Few toilets and sewage systems
- Untrained nurses
- Unclean equipment, wards and operating theatres
- early hospitals had many problems including
- in 1700 there were only 5 hospitals. New hospitals began to appear. however increase in population put pressure on an unprepared system.
- changes to Hospitals key focus on treatment of the sick in clean and sanitised hospitals.
- Cottage Hospitals spread and by 1900 there were 300. they provided nursing care and treatments.
- From 1867 infirmaries were built in workhouses. Local taxes for treatment for the very first time
- Specialist hospitals like asylums for the mentally ill
- Florence nightingale impact on improvements in hospitals
- The design of hospitals
- Sanitation: Clean water sewage systems and toilets
- Ventilation: Fresh clean air as she believed in miasma
- Supplies: Food and clothing
- Nurse training
- in 1859 she wrote notes on Nursing and in 1863 Notes on Hospitals both books provided the basis and importance of nurse training
- Nightingale school of nursing opened in 1860
- The design of hospitals
- Improvements in Surgery
- Anaesthetic in 1847 James Simpson discovered Chloroform
- approved by Queen Victora following birth of her son
- between 1850 -1870 people were dying by having been overdosed This was known as " surgery Black period"
- Ether was used from 1846 but was risky and highly flamable
- Antiseptic
- Lister developed Carbolic Acid spray as an antiseptic.
- Helped to reduce deaths by 15% by 1870
- Aseptic surgery
- bacteria is prevented from getting into the wound by having strile surgery and equipment being steam cleaned and surgons wearing gloves
- Anaesthetic in 1847 James Simpson discovered Chloroform
- Edward Jenner
- noticed that people who got cow pox didn't get small pox
- vaccination developed
- Jenna injected people with a small dose of cow pox to allow their body to fight the disease
- 1802 Royal Jennerian society was set up to promote vaccinations
- Took time to become popular due to opposition
- By 1852 the vaccination was compulsory
- By 1979 The World Health Organisation announced that small pox had been wiped out.
- By 1852 the vaccination was compulsory
- Took time to become popular due to opposition
- 1802 Royal Jennerian society was set up to promote vaccinations
- Jenna injected people with a small dose of cow pox to allow their body to fight the disease
- vaccination developed
- noticed that people who got cow pox didn't get small pox
- Public Health
- Public health Act 1848 (this was not compulsory therefore not effective)
- National Board of Health set up
- The government could force some towns to improve water/ sewerage
- Local councils were told to collect taxes to pay for public health improvements
- Councils were allowed to appoint medical officers
- 1875 Public Health Act
- City authorities MUST provide
- Clean water to stop disease from spreading
- Sewers to dispose of waste properly
- Public Toilets
- Public parks for exercise
- Street lighting
- Public health officers also had to inspect lodging houses, the quality of food that was sold and the building of new homes
- City authorities MUST provide
- Public health Act 1848 (this was not compulsory therefore not effective)
- Hospitals in the 18th Century
- Fighting Cholera in London 1854
- This was a feared disease first outbreak 1831
- epidemic in 1854 killed 20,000 Londoners
- John Snow
- Theorised that Cholera was caused by dirty water rather than Miasma
- Found a link between the broad street water pump and the spread
- removed the handle on the pump so it couldn't be used and the spread stopped almost immediately
- Snow made recommendations to the Government to improve the sewers
- when the germ theory was accepted Snows Theory was backed up and changes began to happen
- New sewers system in 1875 with the compulsory order for towns to provide clean water
- This was a feared disease first outbreak 1831
- Ideas about causes of disease and illness
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