Media Psychology
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- Created on: 31-10-15 10:02
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- Media Psychology
- Media influences on prosocial behaviour
- There are equivalent number of prosocial and antisocial acts on children's TV.
- Prosocial TV reflects prosocial norms
- Younger children are less liekly to understand prosocial messages on TV.
- Effective parental meditation- discussing programme with child.
- Younger children are less liekly to understand prosocial messages on TV.
- Research studies.
- Mares (1996) meta analysis- children exposed to prosocial content -showed higher social control.
- Other forms of media: Eg children stories Mares and Woodard (2002) - acted more positively towards each other.
- AO2
- TV for preschool children contained few effects on prosocial lessons.
- Strongest effects on preschool children and weakest for adolescents.
- 'instructive meditation' is effective 'social co-viewing' is ineffective
- Prosocial TV reflects prosocial norms
- There are equivalent number of prosocial and antisocial acts on children's TV.
- Media influences on antisocial behaviour- Huesman and Moise 1996
- Observational learning- children observe actions of models and may later imitated them. More likely to be imitated if perceived as real.
- Bandura 1963 - artificial situation, little evidence of real-world 'copycat' violence. St Helena- no increases in aggression after introduction of TV.
- Cognitive priming: activation of existing aggressive thoughts and feelings.Frequent exposure leads to stored scripts for violent behaviour.
- Josephson 1987- walkie talkie acted as a cue for aggression.
- Desensitisation:Media violence desensitises children to it's effects. Media violence represents violent behaviour as 'normal'.
- Cumberbach 2001- screen violence not linked to real violence. Belson 1978- more TV watched more aggressive they became.
- Lowered physiological arousal: heavy Tv violence viewers- lower arousal levels to senses of violence. Don't react in normal way to violence and less inhibited about using it.
- Zillmann 1988- excitation transfer model creates readiness to aggress.
- Justification: violence TV may justify what is acceptable behaviour. Unpunished TV violence decreases concerns about own behaviour.
- Belson 1978- unpredictable link between TV and aggression.
- Observational learning- children observe actions of models and may later imitated them. More likely to be imitated if perceived as real.
- Negative video games
- Gentile and stone 2005 - increase in aggression.
- Researchers cannot measure 'real-life 'aggression. Longitudinal studies- participants exposed to other forms of media violence.
- Longitudinal studies- Anderson et al 2007- higher exposure more aggression. consistent link- Gentile and Anderson 2003
- Negative computer games
- charles 2011- anxiety linked to Facebook.Karpirski- no casual relationship. Greenfield 2009 Facebook 'infinities' the brain
- Karpinski study doesn't indicate casual relationship. Link between Facebook use and stress supported by real life study D'Amato et al 2010
- positive computer games
- Gonzles and Hancock 2011- Facebook wall have positive effects on self esteem
- Hyerpersonalmodel by wather 1996- explains relationship between Facebook use and positive self esteem.
- positive video games
- Greitemeyer and Osswald 2010-increased helpful behaviour. Kahne et al 2008- multiplayer games and social issues. Len hart et al 2008- social commitment.
- Greitemeyer and Osswald 2010- video game industry less likely to produce altruistic games as they are less likely to sell.
- Gentile and stone 2005 - increase in aggression.
- Persuasive effects of media
- Hovalnd -Yale model
- Source factors - Experts are more effective as they are more credible.Popular and attractive sources more persuasive. Message factors- more effective if we think they are not intended to persuade. Moderate level of fear is effective. Audience factors - low intelligence audiences are easily influenced.Both sides of the argument for more intelligent audiences. Younger people are more susceptible to persuade power of advertising-Martin 1997.
- O'Mahony and Meenaghan 1997- celebrity endorsements not convincing or believable. Hume 1992- celebrity endorsements persuasive. Fear appeals persuasive if audience informed how to avoid danger.
- Source factors - Experts are more effective as they are more credible.Popular and attractive sources more persuasive. Message factors- more effective if we think they are not intended to persuade. Moderate level of fear is effective. Audience factors - low intelligence audiences are easily influenced.Both sides of the argument for more intelligent audiences. Younger people are more susceptible to persuade power of advertising-Martin 1997.
- Elaboration-likelihood model
- Central route- audience motivated to focus on message, produces lasting attitude change. Need for cognition choose this route. Peripheral route- audience not motivated to think about message produces temporary attitude change.
- Lin et al-better understanding of the effect of online reviews for different audiences. peripheral route may only be temporary 'magic' johnson and attitude to AIDS victims -penner and fritzsche 1984
- Central route- audience motivated to focus on message, produces lasting attitude change. Need for cognition choose this route. Peripheral route- audience not motivated to think about message produces temporary attitude change.
- Hovalnd -Yale model
- Explanation of the persuasiveness of TV advertising.
- Hard and soft sell-Hard- lots of facts and figures about the product. Soft- more focus on the customers than the product. The products may suggest a life style towards they want to aspire to. Giles 2002- advertisers use 'para social relationships'- relationships with the celebrity and found it trustworthy and reliable.
- Hume 1992-concluded the celebrity endorsement did not significantly increase persuasiveness communication of adverts. Difficult to determine the exposure of commercials due to parental mediation and peer influence.
- Hard and soft sell-Hard- lots of facts and figures about the product. Soft- more focus on the customers than the product. The products may suggest a life style towards they want to aspire to. Giles 2002- advertisers use 'para social relationships'- relationships with the celebrity and found it trustworthy and reliable.
- Media influences on prosocial behaviour
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