Loftus and Palmer
- Created by: tori_isaac
- Created on: 15-07-18 15:35
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- Loftus and Palmer
- Background
- Research has shown memories can be inaccurate. this is a problem for eye witness testimony
- James Marshal 1969 found air force personel when asked to estimate the speed of a car going 12mph estimates ranged from 10-50mph
- Leading question - Certain question or statement that leads a person to give particular answer
- First experiment
- Aim
- If estimates of speed would be influenced by wording of Question asked
- Method
- Design- Lab experiment Independent measures Snapshot study
- IV - The verb given to PP's DV - The PP's estimate of speed
- Sample
- 45 American college students. Divided into 5 groups one for each verb
- Materials and apparatus
- Pps shown 7 film clips and asked to fill in a questionaire after each clip
- Clips were from a driver education program for evergreen safety council and Seattle police department
- Procedure
- PP's were asked to describe accidents and to estimate the speed of the car
- Each group had different verb in the question on questionnaire Hit , Bumped, collided, smashed contacted
- Different order of film clip were used for each group
- Two Explanations
- Response bias, verb smashed makes the accident sound high impact leading to a higher speed estimate
- Memory representation the verb changes the perception of the accident this is stored with the memory
- Two Explanations
- Different order of film clip were used for each group
- Results
- Mean estimate was faster for PP's with Smashed than Contacted
- PP's were not able to accurately estimate speed, crashes were at 20,30,40 mph yet estimates were between 36-40
- Mean estimate was faster for PP's with Smashed than Contacted
- Discussion
- Form of a question can have an effect on the answer to a question
- Aim
- Second Experiment
- Aim
- If a leading question would change recollection of event
- Method
- Design - Lab experiment, independent measures IV - verb in critical Q DV- the estimate of speed of car Longitudinal study
- Sample - new group of 150 American students
- Procedure
- Part one
- PP's asked to describe the crash with the critical question "How fast were the cars going when they *VERB* into each other?"
- Group one had verb - Smashed Group two had verb Hit Group three was control and wasn't asked question
- Part two
- A week later Pp's were asked if they saw any broken glass ( there was no broken glass)
- It was presumed those that though the cars were traveling faster, may have thought they saw broken glass
- Part one
- Results
- Part One
- PP's in smashed condition gave a higher speed estimate smashed - 10.46 mph Hit - 8 mph
- Part Two
- PP's in smashed condition though they saw broken glass more than hit condition or control
- Did you see broken glass? Smashed - Yes 16 No 34 Hit- Yes 7 No 43 Control - Yes 6 No 44
- PP's in smashed condition though they saw broken glass more than hit condition or control
- Part One
- Discussion
- Memory is determined by two sources 1) - Your own perception learned at the time of original event 2) External information supplies after eg leading question.
- Aim
- Background
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