Learning Model for Smoking and Gambling
- Created by: Grace
- Created on: 10-05-13 14:44
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- Learning approach for gambling and smoking
- Initiation - learn through observation of influential role models - usually more likely to follow someone of similar age, gender, immediacy and career.
- Children in particular often selectively see positive rather than negative consequesnces (popularity rather than illness or no money) so vicarious reinforcement leads to imitation.
- Smoking SUPPORT - Deblasio et al found that those adolescents who smoked were 8 times more likely to also smoke.
- Lopez et al found women start smoking later in life and there are gender differences in the context of smoking - FAIL to address these issues.
- Children in particular often selectively see positive rather than negative consequesnces (popularity rather than illness or no money) so vicarious reinforcement leads to imitation.
- Maintenance - Operant Conditioning - short term pleasure from smoking or gambling provides more immediate positive reinforcement than the long term effects. Withdrawal symptoms is a negative reinforcement for continuing.
- Gambling SUPPORT = Lambos et al - peers and fam are more likely to approve of gambling and therefore reinforces it.
- Smoking SUPPORT = Franklin et al - Smoking related sensory cues rapidly become conditioned stimuli and activate the same parts of the brain that nicotine does.
- Relapse - Classical conditioning = suggests environmental cues present during the performanceof an addictive behaviour may become associated with the pleasure. These cues acts as prompts creating a craving making people relapse.
- SUPPORT - Smoking - Hogarth - found that tha amount of craving rises significantly when a conditioned stimulus related to smoking was presented.
- Considers environmental factors which biological does not
- BUT does not consider why some people maintain an addiction when there is not contnuous positive reinforcement
- Most studies are correlational so can't prove causation
- Deterministic - not all people who see their role moels smoke or gamble do so - they may have the opposite effect as they see bad symptoms. Does not consider why people DONT!
- Most studies are correlational so can't prove causation
- BUT does not consider why some people maintain an addiction when there is not contnuous positive reinforcement
- Initiation - learn through observation of influential role models - usually more likely to follow someone of similar age, gender, immediacy and career.
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