Innate immunity
- Created by: RebeccaRae21
- Created on: 24-03-14 10:14
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- Innate Immunity
- 1. Physical Barriers
- Skin
- Dead cells + bacteria
- Sebaceous glands
- fatty acids
- Lactic acid
- low pH (3-5) - to inhibit microbial growth
- Very dry - preventing microbial growth
- Mucous membrane
- Skin
- 2. Physiological Barriers
- pH and environment
- low pH in gut to prevent pathogen growth
- Fever
- prevent pathogen growth
- Speegs up phagocytosis
- Chemical Mediators
- Complement poteins - lysis of invading bacteria
- Anti-microbial proteins e.g. lysozyme in tears
- Interferon - induces anti-viral state in cells (inhibit viral reproduction in cells)
- pH and environment
- 3. Phagocytosis
- Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils
- Fc receptors - antibody conded receptor
- Dendritic cells
- Ganulocytes - myeloid lineage
- Two mechanisms
- Oxygen-dependent killing
- Nitric oxide synthetase is activated
- Nitric oxide is generated
- Acts as anti-microbial
- Oxygen-independent Kiling
- Lysozyme - hydrolytic enzyme
- Defensins - peptides kill many bacteria
- Punch holes in bacterial cell wall
- Oxygen-dependent killing
- Pseudopodia (receptors recognise bacerial cell wall compnent
- Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils
- 4. Inflammation
- Increased blood supply, increased blood vessel permeability, increased leukocyte migration to the area
- Macrophages and cytokines
- 1. Chemokine Release
- IL-8 release from damaged endothelial cells and TNF-alpha release from macrophages help to recruit neutrophils and allow migration from blood
- Interleukin is a cytokine
- Histamine release from mast cells causes vasodilation and increase blood vessel permeability
- IL-8 release from damaged endothelial cells and TNF-alpha release from macrophages help to recruit neutrophils and allow migration from blood
- 2. Activation of clotting and complement cascade
- Releases more histamine, attracting more phagocytic cells
- 3. Neutrophils secrete cytokines to recruit macrophages
- 5. Macrophages migrate to tissue and secrete IL-1 and TNF-alpha to recruit lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils
- Systemic acute-phase response
- Fever
- Leukocytosis ( white cell production increase)
- Acute phase proteins production by liver
- Binds to microbes, activates complement proteins which aid PHAGOCYOTSIS
- Coating - opsonisation
- Binds to microbes, activates complement proteins which aid PHAGOCYOTSIS
- Increased blood supply, increased blood vessel permeability, increased leukocyte migration to the area
- Rapid response but full adaptive response can take up to 10 days
- Highly conserved - present in all animals, plants and fungi
- 1. Physical Barriers
- E.g. respiratory mucous membrane
- Mucous membrane
- Anti-microbial peptides e.g. defensin - damage pathogens - small proteins with +ve charge
- Chemical Mediators
- Complement poteins - lysis of invading bacteria
- Anti-microbial proteins e.g. lysozyme in tears
- Interferon - induces anti-viral state in cells (inhibit viral reproduction in cells)
- Chemical Mediators
- 4. Phagocytosis of pathogens
- 4. Inflammation
- Increased blood supply, increased blood vessel permeability, increased leukocyte migration to the area
- Macrophages and cytokines
- 1. Chemokine Release
- IL-8 release from damaged endothelial cells and TNF-alpha release from macrophages help to recruit neutrophils and allow migration from blood
- Interleukin is a cytokine
- Histamine release from mast cells causes vasodilation and increase blood vessel permeability
- IL-8 release from damaged endothelial cells and TNF-alpha release from macrophages help to recruit neutrophils and allow migration from blood
- 2. Activation of clotting and complement cascade
- Releases more histamine, attracting more phagocytic cells
- 3. Neutrophils secrete cytokines to recruit macrophages
- 5. Macrophages migrate to tissue and secrete IL-1 and TNF-alpha to recruit lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils
- Systemic acute-phase response
- Fever
- Leukocytosis ( white cell production increase)
- Acute phase proteins production by liver
- Binds to microbes, activates complement proteins which aid PHAGOCYOTSIS
- Coating - opsonisation
- Binds to microbes, activates complement proteins which aid PHAGOCYOTSIS
- Increased blood supply, increased blood vessel permeability, increased leukocyte migration to the area
- 4. Inflammation
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