Health and Disease
- Created by: Former Member
- Created on: 20-05-19 19:56
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- Section 5 - Health, Disease and the development of medicines
- Health and Disease
- Health = "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"
- Communicable diseases can be passed from person to person
- Non-Communicable diseases can't be passed from person to person
- If you are affected by one disease you are more susceptible to others
- STIs
- HIV is a virus
- Infects living cells to reproduce
- Kills white blood cells
- Immune system deteriorates
- More susceptible to other diesease
- Chlamydia is a bacterial infection
- Can result in infertility
- Can be reduced by screening, safe sex, avoiding sexual contact
- HIV is a virus
- Fighting Disease
- Physical barriers
- Skin heals cuts and keeps microorganisms out
- Hairs and mucus trap pathogens at the openings
- Chemical Barriers
- Stomach produces hydrochloric acid - low pH destroys pathogens
- Eyes produce lysozyme in tears that kills bacteria on surface of eye
- Immune System
- Pathogens have unique molecules called antigens
- Antibodies created to bind on to pathogens so white blood cells can target them
- Physical barriers
- Memory Lymphocytes and Immunisation
- Memory lymhocytes are created in response to foreign antigen and stored for secondary immune response
- Body becomes immune and if that type of pathogen attacks again it will respond quickly before symptoms develop
- Immunisation
- Injection of dead pathogens
- Antigens trigger the creation of memory lymphocytes to make the patient immune to that disease
- Injection of dead pathogens
- Memory lymhocytes are created in response to foreign antigen and stored for secondary immune response
- Antibiotics and other medicines
- Antibiotics only target bacterial cells
- inhibit processes such as the building of cell walls
- this stops them multiplying
- inhibit processes such as the building of cell walls
- Development of new drugs
- Preclinical testing
- First tested on human cells and tissues in the lab
- Then tested on live animals to correct the dosage
- Clinical testing
- Tested on healthy volunteers to make sure there are no harmful side effects
- Drug is tested on those infected with the disease
- Placebo effect - Two groups that conduct blind trials
- Doctors and patients don't know who was given the real drug at first to give an accurate representation of results
- Placebo effect - Two groups that conduct blind trials
- Preclinical testing
- Antibiotics only target bacterial cells
- Non-Communicable Diseases
- Lifestyle factors increase risk
- Smoking increases susceptibility to cardiovascular disease
- Poor diet/malnutrition
- Alcohol
- Lack of exercise
- Wide-ranging effects
- in areas with high level of obesity, smoking, alcohol, etc. there is more chance of disease
- Puts pressure on NHS
- Lifestyle factors increase risk
- Measures of Obesity
- BMI (Body Mass Index)
- Fat and sugar from diet is stored as excess body fat without enough excercise
- Can be innaccurate due to muscle mass causing some to be recorded as obese
- Waist-to-hip ratio
- Higher ratio, more likely to be carrying weight around middle
- Above 1 for males and 0.85 for females is known as abdominal obesity
- BMI (Body Mass Index)
- Treatments for Cardiovascular Disease
- Affects heart and blood vessels
- Cholesterol build up causes blockages and blood clots
- Can cause heart attacks or strokes if heart muscles or brain is deprived of oxygen
- Cholesterol build up causes blockages and blood clots
- Lifestyle changes such as balanced diets and stopping smoking can prevent CVD
- Statins, Anticoagulants and Antihypertensives prevent blood clots and fatty deposits building up
- Stents keep arteries open for blood to flow through
- Heart transplants require drugs to prevent the body rejecting the new organ
- Affects heart and blood vessels
- Health and Disease
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