Eyewitness testimony
- Created by: __Jess
- Created on: 21-03-23 18:39
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- Eyewitness testimony
- Misleading information
- Loftus and Palmer
- Adjectives used to describe the car in an interview changed the participant's perception of it's speed
- Response-bias explanation
- Wording of the question doesn't affect memory, just how the person decides to answer
- Substitution not response bias
- Loftus and Palmer
- Adjectives to describe the car's impact changed whether participants recalled broken glass
- Loftus and Palmer
- Post-event discussion
- When eyewitnesses to a crime discuss what they saw together
- Gabbert et al
- When witnesses talk about the event together, EWT is distorted
- Memory contamination
- Original memory altered because witness combines misinformation from other witnesses with their own account
- Memory conformity
- Eyewitnesses may go along with other witnesses because they want to gain social approval, or they think the others are right
- Evaluation
- Strengths
- Real world application
- Weaknesses
- Evidence against substitution
- Sutherland and Hayne
- Evidence against memory conformity
- Skagerberg and Wright
- Evidence against substitution
- Strengths
- Loftus and Palmer
- Anxiety
- Negative effect on recall
- Physiological arousal in the body prevents us paying attention
- Johnson and Scott
- Weapon focus reduces accuracy of face recognition
- Tunnel theory
- Our attention narrows onto the point of our anxiety
- Positive effect on recall
- Fight or flight response triggers alertness
- Yuille and Cutshall
- Participants who recorded the highest levels of stress were the most accurate
- Yerkes and Dodson
- The relationship between anxiety and recall looks like an "inverted U"
- Evaluation
- Strengths
- Support for negative effects
- Valentine and Mesout
- Support for positive effects
- Christianson and Hubinette
- Support for negative effects
- Weaknesses
- Johnson and Scott's study might have tested unusualness instead of anxiety
- Pickel
- Johnson and Scott's study might have tested unusualness instead of anxiety
- Strengths
- Negative effect on recall
- The cognitive interview
- Fisher and Geiselman
- Four main techniques
- Report everything
- Even trivial details should be reported
- Reinstate the context
- Related to context-dependent forgetting
- Reverse the order
- Prevents people from reporting their expectations of the incident. Also prevents dishonesty
- Change perspective
- Prevents the effect of schema
- Report everything
- Enhanced cognitive interview
- Fisher et al
- Developed the CI to focus on some social dynamics of the interaction
- Evaluation
- Strengths
- Supporting evidence
- Kohnken et al
- Supporting evidence
- Weaknesses
- Not all of the elements are equally useful
- Milne and Bull
- Time consuming
- Requires special training
- Not all of the elements are equally useful
- Strengths
- Misleading information
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