External factors and ethnic differences in achievement
- Created by: Steff Wellington
- Created on: 07-04-16 13:30
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- External factors and ethnic differences in achievement
- Cultural deprivation
- Intellectual and linguistic skills
- Lack of is a major cause of underachievement for many minority children.
- Poorly equipped for school as unable to develop reasoning and problem solving skills.
- Berieter and Engelmann - language spoken by low income black American families inadequate for educational success.
- Families who don't speak English at home may be held back. However not a major factor.
- Lack of is a major cause of underachievement for many minority children.
- Family structure and parental support
- Cultural deprivation theorists - failure to socialise children adequately is result of dysfunctional family structure.
- Daniel Moynihan (1965) - many black families headed by lone mother so children deprived of adequate care as she struggles financially.
- Fathers absence means boys lack role model of male achievement.
- New Right - Charles Murray (1984)high rate lone parenthood and lack of male role models lead to underachievement.
- Ken Pryce (1979) - Asians are higher achievers as culture more resistant to racism and gives greater sense of self-worth/ Black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and resistant to racism. As a result many have low self-esteem and underachieve.
- Experience of slavery meant that they lost their language, religion and family system. By contrast, Asian family structures, languages and religion were not destroyed by colonial rule.
- Daniel Moynihan (1965) - many black families headed by lone mother so children deprived of adequate care as she struggles financially.
- Cultural deprivation theorists - failure to socialise children adequately is result of dysfunctional family structure.
- Sewell
- Fathers, gangs and culture - Lack of fatherly nurturing or 'tough love'. Results in black boys finding it hard to overcome emotional and behavioural difficulties of adolescence.
- black students do worse than differences. One group Asian due to cultural nurtured by MTV/gangs and other educational hours.
- Gillborn (2008) argues not peer pressure but institutional racism within educational system produces failure. .
- many black boys feel pressured by other boys, Speaking English and doing well was seen as 'selling out' to white establishment.
- black students do worse than differences. One group Asian due to cultural nurtured by MTV/gangs and other educational hours.
- Asian families Indian and Chinese have benefit from supportive families and place high value on education.
- Ruth Lupton (2004) - adult authority in Asian families similar to model in schools. Respectful behaviour was expected from children.
- White - working families - often underachieve. Ethnic minority want to go to uni more. May be due to lack of parental support.
- Lupton - 4 working-class pupils - found teachers reported poorer levels of behaviour in white pupils.
- Gillian Evans (2006) street culture - brutal so people learn to withstand intimidation.
- compensatory education - aims to compensate children for cultural deficit suffer due to deprived backgrounds.
- Fathers, gangs and culture - Lack of fatherly nurturing or 'tough love'. Results in black boys finding it hard to overcome emotional and behavioural difficulties of adolescence.
- Attitudes and values
- Cultural deprivation theorists - lack of motivation is a major cause of failure of many black children.
- Most children are socialised into the mainstream culture, which instils ambition, competitiveness and willingness to make sacrifices to reach goals.
- Equips them for success in education.
- Most children are socialised into the mainstream culture, which instils ambition, competitiveness and willingness to make sacrifices to reach goals.
- Most children are socialised into the mainstream culture, which instils ambition, competitiveness and willingness to make sacrifices to reach goals.
- Equips them for success in education.
- Cultural deprivation theorists argue some black children socialised into subculture that instils fatalistic attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success.
- Cultural deprivation theorists - lack of motivation is a major cause of failure of many black children.
- Criticisms
- Lawrence (1982) - black pupils under-achieve because of racism.
- Driver (1977) - criticises cultural deprivation theory for ignoring positive effects of ethnicity on achievement.
- Shows black Caribbean family not dysfunctional. Provides girls with positive role models so tend to be successful.
- Multicultural education - policy recognises and values minority cultures and includes in curriculum.
- anti-racist education - policy challenges prejudice and discrimination that exists in schools and wider society.
- Intellectual and linguistic skills
- Material deprivation and class
- lack of necessities essential in normal life.
- Educational failure due to lack of standard housing and low income
- almost half ethnic minority children live in low income houses, against one quarter white people.
- ethnic minorities almost twice likely to be unemployed.
- ethnic minority households 3x likely to be homeless
- half Bangladeshi and Pakistani workers earn under £7 hour
- Reasons why ethnic minorities at greater risk of material deprivation
- lack of language skills - can't get jobs
- purdah in muslim households - prevents women from working outside home
- asylum seekers may not be able to take work
- live in economically depressed areas
- racial discrimination
- material deprivation and social factors do not completely override influence of ethnicity.
- Moodood (2004) children from low income families generally did less well. Effects of low income much less for other ethnic groups than whire.
- Racism in wider society
- Mason (2000) discrimination continuing and persistent feature
- Rex (1986) leads to social exclusion - worsens poverty faced.
- Employment - direct and deliberate discrimination
- Wood et al (2010) sent applications to vacancies. one in 16 ethnic minority application offered interview
- Explains why ethnic minorities likely to face unemployment.
- Cultural deprivation
- Driver (1977) - criticises cultural deprivation theory for ignoring positive effects of ethnicity on achievement.
- Shows black Caribbean family not dysfunctional. Provides girls with positive role models so tend to be successful.
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