Explanations for forgetting
- Created by: remithirlaway
- Created on: 11-05-16 21:55
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- EXPLANATIONS FOR FORGETTING
- Interference
- RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE: Current attempts to learn something interfere with past learning
- George Muller: Gave pps a list of nonsense syllable to learn for 6 minutes, after a retention interval pps were asked to recall the lists
- Performance was less good if ops had been given an intervening task (which was to describe 3 landscape paintings)
- The intervening task produced RI as the later task interfered with what they had previously learned
- Performance was less good if ops had been given an intervening task (which was to describe 3 landscape paintings)
- George Muller: Gave pps a list of nonsense syllable to learn for 6 minutes, after a retention interval pps were asked to recall the lists
- PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE: Past learning interferes with current attempts to learn something
- Underwood 1957: Looked at the results of forgetting over a 24 hour period.
- Results: He found that if people had previously learnt 15 or more wordlists then after 24 hours they remembered 20% of what they learned.
- If they only learned 1 list, recall was over 70%
- Results: He found that if people had previously learnt 15 or more wordlists then after 24 hours they remembered 20% of what they learned.
- Underwood 1957: Looked at the results of forgetting over a 24 hour period.
- RESEARCH IS ARTIFICIAL: Most of it as conducted in a lab used artificial list of words = low ecological validity
- Interference only explains SOME situations of forgetting: Special conditions are required for interference to lead to forgetting - 2 memories need to be similar
- RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE: Current attempts to learn something interfere with past learning
- Retrieval Failure
- Occurs due to the absence of cues.
- Cues = things that serve as a reminder. They may meaningfully link to the material to be remembered or may be environmental cues or cues related to your mental state
- Based on the idea that the issues relates to being able to retrieve a memory that is there but not accessible
- STATE DEPENDENT FORGETTING
- Peters & McGee - Gave half their pps a low nicotine cigarette before recalling a list of nouns.
- Results: Pps who were in the same state the next day (having smoked or not smoked a cigarette) performed better on recognition task than those who were in a different state
- Conclusion: the arousal caused by the cigarette helped cause a physiological context, creating a state-dependent effect
- Results: Pps who were in the same state the next day (having smoked or not smoked a cigarette) performed better on recognition task than those who were in a different state
- Peters & McGee - Gave half their pps a low nicotine cigarette before recalling a list of nouns.
- Theres a lot of research support including lab, field and natural experiments
- Abernathy's research suggests that you ought to revise in the same room you'll be taking the exam
- Smith 1979 - Just thinking of the room where you did the original learning (mental reinstatement)was effective as being in the same room at the time of retrieval
- Retrieval cues don't always work
- Occurs due to the absence of cues.
- Interference
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