Disease Dilemmas 3. How effectively are communicable and noncommunicable diseases dealt with?
- Created by: DanBish
- Created on: 07-05-22 15:06
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- How effectively are communicable and noncommunicable diseases dealt with? - Malaria in Ethiopia
- Facts about Malaria
- The WHO African Region carries a dispro-portionately high share of the global malaria burden. In 2018, the region was home to 93% of malaria cases and 94% of malaria deaths.
- In 2018, there were an estimated 228 million cases of malaria worldwide.
- Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable.
- The estimated number of malaria deaths stood at 405 000 in 2018.
- Children aged under 5 years are the most vulnerable group affected by malaria; in 2018, they accounted for 67% (272 000) of all malaria deaths worldwide.
- Total funding for malaria control and elimination reached an estimated US$ 2.7 billion in 2018. Contributions from governments of endemic countries amounted to US$ 900 million, representing 30% of total funding.
- Incidence and Pattern of disease
- Low compared to other African nations, leading cause of outpatient and inpatient morbidity
- 2/3 of the population live in areas at risk from the disease
- Endemic in 75% of Ethiopia's land area
- 70,000 deaths/year
- Western lowlands highest risk after rainy season
- Occasional epidemics in altitude ranges of 1,000m to 2,200m
- Causes
- Environ-mental cause
- Absence of malaria in highlands is explained by low average temperatures which slow development of mosquitoes and plasmodium parasite
- Disease is endemic in western lowlands where temperatures and humidity are high year round
- Malaria thrives in warm, humid climates, where stagnant surface water provides ideal breeding habitats for mosquitoes
- Human cause
- Population movements, urbanization, irrigation schemes and misuse of malarial drugs
- Seasonal population movement between malaria-free highlands, and agricultural lowlands at harvest
- Infection increased as harvest continues after sunset, when mosquitoes are more active
- Dams, irrigation projects, canals, cultivation of rice and ponds expanded habitats for mosquitoes
- Environ-mental cause
- Socio-economic impacts
- 5 million episodes of malaria a year, killing around 70,000 people
- Heavy economic burden, as peak transmission coincides with planting and harvesting season
- Lost production in sub Saharan Africa estimated at around $12 billion/year
- Holds back development of resource-rich western lowlands
- Strategies used by governments
- Direct
- 2005 Ethiopia presidents malaria initiative (PMI) + Global Health Initiative (GHI)
- Grants for malaria control
- 5 year plan for malaria prevention and control, in partnership with UNICEF, World Bank, WHO and other NGOs
- Indirect
- Mass publicity campaigns to minimize potential mosquito breeding sites
- Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria
- Distributing insecticide-treated bed nets to all households in infected areas
- Direct
- Facts about Malaria
- Environ-mental cause
- Absence of malaria in highlands is explained by low average temperatures which slow development of mosquitoes and plasmodium parasite
- Disease is endemic in western lowlands where temperatures and humidity are high year round
- Malaria thrives in warm, humid climates, where stagnant surface water provides ideal breeding habitats for mosquitoes
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