Detente
- Created by: Sherloki221B
- Created on: 18-02-16 15:30
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- Détente, 1962-81. The period of improved relations between the US & the SU, easing tension and cooperating to avoid conflict.
- The Theory of Détente
- US Definition
- Détente will minimize confrontation and act as a strategy for controlling conflict with the USSR.
- Soviet Definition
- A means of overcoming the Cold War. Disputes would be resolved via negotiation. The interests of each side would be respected and recognised.
- Sino- American Relations
- 'Artichoke’ approach of peeling away restrictions began in 1969.
- 1971 US team invited to Peking World ping-pong Championship.
- 1972 China publically acknowledges USSR as the greater threat to China.
- European Détente
- Ostpolitik
- *Europe abandoned the Hallstein Doctrine. *Many pacts.
- The Basic Treaty - 1972
- Basis of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Raepublic. Planned to normalise the relations between them.
- -Working.-Refused to suspend.- Not a pawn in US power strategy.
- Trade links continued and expanded.
- Ostpolitik
- US Definition
- The Successes of Détente
- Summits
- Moscow Summit - 1972
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SALT I 1972 (Moscow summit)
1)
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Anti-Ballistic missile Treaty
- Each restricted to 100 missiles. Anti ballistic missile technology was restricted.
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Interim Agreement
- Limited no. of missile launchers to: USA: 1054, USSR: 1618
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Anti-Ballistic missile Treaty
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Basic Principles Agreement 1972 (Moscow summit)
- Made up of 12 fundamental principles to underpin the US-Soviet relationship, e.g. acceptance that superpowers would co-exist peacefully
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SALT I 1972 (Moscow summit)
1)
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The Washington Summit (Brezhnev & Nixon) -
1973
- Prevention of nuclear weapons.
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The Geneva Summit (Brezhnev & Nixon) -
1974
- 10 year agreement for economic, industrial and technical cooperation
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The Vladivostok Summit (Ford & Brezhnev) - 1974
- Framework provided to ratify SALT later
- Moscow Summit - 1972
- Agreements
- 1963-
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
- Signed by the USSR, USA and UK. Banned the testing of nuclear weapons on the ground and in the atmosphere but not underground.
- 1967
Outer-Space Treaty
- Signed by the USSR, USA and UK. Banned the placement and testing of nuclear weapons in space and on the moon.
- 1968
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
- Agreement to limit the spread of nuclear capability to non-nuclear countries. The five were USA, USSR, UK, China and France.
- 1971
Seabed Treaty
- USSR, USA and UK. Banned the placement of nuclear weapons on the seabed.
- 1975
Helsinki Agreement
- Three ‘baskets’ of agreements.
- Both sides recognise the current borders of European countries.
- Respect human rights and freedoms in their respective countries.
- Help each other economically and technologically.
- Three ‘baskets’ of agreements.
- 1972
SALT I
- Nixon and Brezhnev, limits on nuclear missile numbers. However, proliferation continued as the limits were so high.
- 1979
SALT II
- Agreement over limiting the production of long-range missiles. Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 and the Cold War began again.
- 1963-
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
- Summits
- The Failures of Détente
- Brezhnev Doctrine
- Brezhnev Doctrine stated that Iron Curtain countries would not be allowed to abandon communism, "even if it meant a third world war".
- Competition Between themselves
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Arab Israeli conflict - Oct 1973
- Oil crisis, both sides breached basic principles treaty.
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Angolan civil war - 1975
- USSR invade Nicaragua.-Soviet Union aids Cuba and intervene.
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Afghanistan - 1979
- Saw it as USSR expansion, needed to be contained.
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Arab Israeli conflict - Oct 1973
- US Foreign Policy
- Vietnam war
- Watergate
scandal
- - Democratic National Committee broken into. -Nixon covers up and is forced to resign,
- •US foreign policy shaky after WaterGate Scandal.
- Carter- Human Rights.
- Carter preoccupied with human rights, made USSR impatient.
- SALT II
- Carter-Brezhnev summit in Vienna in 1979 agreed to further limit stockpiles of weapon.
- The US senate refused to ratify the treaty. à Further evidence of failure of foreign policy.
- USSR
-
•Communist invasions in Nicaragua in 1979
and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
- . Concerned about Islamic extremism in the ME hence their actions in Afghanistan.
- -Added to suspicion of US because of perceived tensions.
-
•Communist invasions in Nicaragua in 1979
and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
- USA
- •Reagan elected in 1980 (right wing Republican). Referred to USSR as an ‘evil empire'.
- Carter Doctrine
- Carter wanted to postpone SALT due to USSR.
- 'Soviet Invasion was the biggest threat to peace, since WW2.'
- Shut down diplomatic solution with an ultimatum.
- Whole relation on this one event.
- Fundamental shift in US policy.
- Ensuring control over Soviet expansionism.
- Brezhnev Doctrine
- The Decline of Détente
- Tensions in the Third World
- Increasing Soviet Influence.
- US support for anti-communist groups.
- Soviet Violations in Human Rights
- Helsinki accords- improve relations.
- Brezhnev's Health
- Soviet decision slowed.
- Rise of Neo-Conservatives
- Critiscism towards the USSR.
- Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979
- Carter refused to negotiate.
- Afghanistan Invasion
- Growing opposition in the USSR.
- Tensions in the Third World
- The Causes of Détente
- The Cuban Missile Crisis
- Attack seemed inevitable from either side.
- Discussions began between Khruschev and Kennedy that still threatened to bring the US and USSR to a nuclear war
- Both sides threatened but came up with the First Arms Limitation Treaty of 1963.
- •Close to nuclear war. -Kennedy failed to invade Cuba. •American spy plane was shot. •US naval blockade kept USSR missiles from coming. •USSR built military bases.
- China
- •Fearful of her isolation in the world. •Fearful of USA actions in Vietnam.
- •China worried by worsening relations with USSR. •China’s stockpile of nuclear weapons was a lot smaller than that of USA.
- USA
- •Realized that there were better ways of containing communism. •Aware of the massive cost of weapons production and maintaining a huge armed force.
- •A peaceful relationship with the USSR would be beneficial to USA especially after the cost of the Vietnam War
- USSR
- -USSR wanted to improve living standards. .-China’s growing relationship with the USA. •USSR was spending a huge amount on weapons at the expense of basic household goods.
- • Poor Living standards. •USSR relationship with China was bad.-USA was improving with China.
- The Cuban Missile Crisis
- The Theory of Détente
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