CH1 Definitions

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  • Definitions CH1
    • Basic Ideas about atoms
      • alpha particle "a cluster of 2 protons and two neutrons that is positive"
      • Isotope "atoms having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons"
      • beta particles "fast moving electron with negative charge"
      • Ion "a particle where the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons"
      • gamma rays "high energy electromagnetic radiation"
      • Mass number "the number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus of an atom"
      • Half life "the time taken for the radioactivity of a radioisotope to fall to half its initial value"
      • Atomic number "the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom"
      • Atomic orbital "a region in an atom which can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins"
      • Electron shielding "the repulsion between electrons in different shells. Inner shell electrons repel outer shell electrons"
      • Electronic configuration "the arrangement of electrons in an atom"
      • Molar first ionisation energy of an element "the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of its gaseous atoms"
    • Chemical Calculations
      • Atom economy "a value obtained from the chemical equation for the reaction"
      • Relative molecular mass "the average mass of a molecule relative to one-twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12"
        • Relative isotopic mass "the mass of an atom of the isotope relative to one-twelfth of one atom of carbon-12"
          • Relative atomic mass "the average mass of one atom of the element relative to one-twelfth the mass of one atom of carbon-12"
      • Percentage yield "calculated from the mass of product actually obtained by experiment"
      • Relative isotopic mass "the mass of an atom of the isotope relative to one-twelfth of one atom of carbon-12"
        • Relative atomic mass "the average mass of one atom of the element relative to one-twelfth the mass of one atom of carbon-12"
      • One mole "the amount of any substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12"
    • Chemical Equilibrium & Acid-Base Reactions
      • An acid "is a proton (H ) donor"
      • Le Chantelier's principle "if a system is subject to a change, the equilibrium shifts to minimise the effect of the change"
      • A base "is a proton (H ) acceptor
        • An acid "is a proton (H ) donor"
      • Dynamic equilibrium "a system is is in equilibrium when the forward and reverse reaction occurs at the same rate"
    • Energetics
      • Enthalpy, H "the heat content of a system"
      • Enthalpy change,   H "the heat added to a system at a constant pressure"
      • The standard enthalpy of formation,  H "enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions"
      • The standard enthalpy of combustion,  H   "enthalpy change when one mole is completely combusted in oxygen under standard conditions"
      • Hess' Law "the total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken from the reactants to the products
      • Average bond enthalpy "the average value of the enthalpy required to break a given type of covalent bond in the molecules of a gaseous species"
      • Bond enthalpy "the enthalpy required to break a covalent bond X-Y bond into X atoms and Y atoms, all in the gas phase"
    • Untitled
      • Rate of reaction "the change in concentration or product per unit time"
      • Activation energy "minimum energy required to start a reactions by breaking of bonds

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