CONTROL SYSTEMS CO-ORDINATION + REGULATION PROCESSES
- Created by: Katy **
- Created on: 16-04-16 10:44
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- CONTROL SYSTEMS CO-ORDINATION & REGULATION PROCESSES
- HOMEOSTASIS
- homeostasis = process of keeping internal body environment steady (blood, glucose, osmoregulation)
- negative feedback = changes that result in a return to normal level
- positive feedback = changes that result in stimulations of further changes (this can be very dangerous)
- sensor (deviation) - receptor (detects) - co-ordinator (correction) - detector (off)
- KIDNEY
- removes nitrogenous metabolic waste
- proteins into amino acids
- transamination
- amino group forms a ketoacid + amino acid
- deamination
- amino minus an amino acid forms ammonia + ketoacid (catalysed by glutamate dehydrogenase)
- urea synthesis
- 2 ammonia + carbon dioxide forms urea + water (3ADP +Pi made)
- transamination
- The Kidney Structure & The Nephron
- STEP 1: ULTRAFILTRATION
- Ultrafilteration in the Bowman's Caspule
- Glomerulus to Bowman's Capsule
- STEP 2: REABSORPTION
- Reabsorption in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule
- across Proximal Convoluted Tubule
- STEP 3: SALT BATH
- Formation of a Salt Bath in the Loop of Henle
- along Loop of Henle
- STEP 4: HOMEOSTASIS & SECRETION
- across distal convoluted tubule
- Homeostasis & Secretion in the Distal Convoluted Tubule
- STEP 5: WATER REABSORPTION
- down the collecting duct
- Water Reabsorption in the Collecting Duct
- OSMOREGULATION
- occurs in the collecting duct
- blood water potential is controlled by the hypothalamus
- ADH = a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland which increases the collecting ducts permeability to water by opening aquaporin channels
- Osmoregulation in the Collecting Duct
- osmoregulation = balance of water & solutes dissolved
- ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
- aquatic environments
- ammonia diffuses out across the gills
- ammonia is diluted by water & is no longer toxic
- short Loop of Henle
- cortical nephrons
- birds & insects
- excrete ureatic acid which is insoluble
- LARGE amount of energy loss
- not toxic, no water loss
- excrete ureatic acid which is insoluble
- mammals
- excrete urea
- less toxic
- energy loss
- excrete urea
- desert environments
- longer Loop of Henle for more water reabsorption & less water loss
- juxtamedullary nephron
- aquatic environments
- HOMEOSTASIS
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