components of a computer

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  • Created by: helenarlr
  • Created on: 15-06-22 12:54
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  • components of a computer
    • central processing unit (CPU)
      • control unit (CU)
      • buses
      • arithmetic logic unit
      • registers
    • dedicated registers
      • program counter (PC)
        • holds memory address of the next instruction
      • current instruction register (CIR)
        • current instruction, split into opcode and operand
      • memory address register (MAR)
        • address in memory where the processor fetches to or from
      • memory data register (MDR)
        • temporarily holds data btwn processor and main memory
      • accumulator
        • intermediate results of instruction
    • system bus
      • control
        • to and from the processor, inputs /outputs, memory
          • data
      • data
      • address
        • from processor, to and from ins/outs, to memory
    • arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
      • problem solving
      • arithmetic
      • logical
      • shifts
    • fetch execute cycle (FE)
      • fetch
        • 1) address of instruction PC -> MAR
        • 2) copied to MDR
        • 3) PC incremented
        • 4) MDR copied to CIR
      • decode
        • 5) instruction in CIR decoded
        • 6) split into opcode and operand
        • 7) split into opcode and operand, any additional data fetched from memory
          • opcode: specifies operation
          • operand: address of data, or actual data
      • execute
        • 8) result held in accumulator or memory
    • architecture
      • von-neumann
        • data and instructions share memory
        • more simple
        • bottle-necking
        • general purpose computers
      • harvard
        • different buses and memory
        • DSP, embedded systems
        • complicated, expensive
    • CISC and RISC
      • complex instruction set computing
        • less instructions
        • quicker
      • reduced instruction set computing
        • minimum number of very simple instructions - each 1 clock cycle
        • pipelining
        • high performance advantage
    • graphics processing unit (GPU)
      • graphics and image processing
      • thousands of small cores for parallel processing
    • interrupts
      • CPU can be interrupted when necessary
      • software, hardware devices or GPU clock
      • CPU checks at the end of each clock cycle whether there are ore interrupts to be processed
      • stack - interrupt service routine
        • last in first out (LIFO)
      • interrupt priorities

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