Cognitive Psychology - In Depth
The ENTIRE Cognitive Psychollogy topic to the AQA standard.
Try to boil this down to gain a better understanding of this stuff.
- Created by: Former Member
- Created on: 27-03-14 16:17
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- Cognitive Psychology
- Models of Memory
- Working Memory Model
- Explains why you can multi-task
- Explains word-length effect
- Explains memory defects of KF
- Useful in diagnosis of mental illness
- Validity is same as MSM
- Multi-Store Model
- Oversimplified
- Strong evidence to support
- Korsakoff's sydrome
- Rehearsal is not always needed
- used in dealing with Hyppocampal Damage
- Use of word lists
- Participants = Often Students
- Lab Experiments
- Memory is the process in which we retain info about the past
- Encoding
- STM
- Baddely - 1966
- Participants given 4 sets of words
- Semantically Similiar/ Dissimiliar
- Accoustacally Similiar/ Dissimiliar
- Independent groups design
- No participant variables control
- Patterns of confusion suggest that
- LTM relies more on semantic encoding
- STM relies more on Acoustic coding
- lacks Ecological Validity
- Disregards other LTM encoding methods
- Episodic
- Procedural
- Participants given 4 sets of words
- Baddely - 1966
- LTM
- STM
- Duration
- STM
- Peterson x2 - 1959
- Participants were shown nonsense triagrams
- Asked to recall after 3-18 seconds
- While counting back from 3
- Interferance
- 3 seconds = 80% recalled
- While counting back from 3
- Interferance
- While counting back from 3
- Rehersal prevented = STM no more than 18 seconds
- Reliable :D
- Lacks ecological validity
- Meaningful XPs lasts longer
- Different Triagrams = Greater confusion
- While counting back from 3
- Asked to recall after 3-18 seconds
- Participants were shown nonsense triagrams
- Peterson x2 - 1959
- LTM
- Potentially Unlimited
- Bahrick - 1975
- 392 people
- List names of ex-classmates
- Free-Recall test
- then given photos to either
- Match the name to the person
- Name recognition test
- Recall the shown person's name
- Photo Recognition test
- Match the name to the person
- List names of ex-classmates
- Shows VTLMs in real life
- Recognition>Recall
- Help needed to access LTM stores
- Recognition>Recall
- 392 people
- Bahrick - 1975
- Bahrick - 1975
- 392 people
- List names of ex-classmates
- Free-Recall test
- then given photos to either
- Match the name to the person
- Name recognition test
- Recall the shown person's name
- Photo Recognition test
- Match the name to the person
- List names of ex-classmates
- Shows VTLMs in real life
- Recognition>Recall
- Help needed to access LTM stores
- Recognition>Recall
- 392 people
- Potentially Unlimited
- STM
- Capacity
- LTM
- Potentially Unlimited
- Loses Information by:
- Decay
- Interferance
- Loses Information by:
- Potentially Unlimited
- STM
- 7 +/- 2 chunks of information
- Used in Post codes
- Jacobs - 1887
- Asked that participants remember a string of digits
- Most remembered about 9/7
- Increased with age
- Concluded that
- Digits (10) easier than letters (26)
- STM is limited
- Lacks ecological validity
- Concluded that
- Concluded that
- Digits (10) easier than letters (26)
- STM is limited
- Lacks ecological validity
- Increased with age
- Most remembered about 9/7
- Asked that participants remember a string of digits
- 7 +/- 2 chunks of information
- LTM
- Encoding
- Working Memory Model
- Memory in Everyday Life
- Strategies of Memory improvement
- Mnemonics
- Organizing material makes it easier to remember
- Jenkins & Russell - 1952
- Word lists that were highly associated
- Tulving - 1962
- Repeated word lists
- They were becoming consistent as they were:
- Chunking
- Organising
- They were becoming consistent as they were:
- Repeated word lists
- Jenkins & Russell - 1952
- First letter mnemonic
- MVEMJSUN
- Method of Loci
- Peg word
- Narrative stories
- Bowyer and Clark 1969
- Narrative stories aid recall from LTM
- Bowyer and Clark 1969
- This doesn't help you understand it
- If you forget it, thers no link to help renember
- Organizing material makes it easier to remember
- Mnemonics
- Eye Witness Testimony
- Further research evidence
- Loftus and Palmer - 1974
- Experiment 1
- Participants watched multiple car crash
- "How fast when HIT?"
- HIT was replaced in different conditions
- Smashed
- Contacted
- Bumped
- Collided
- HIT was replaced in different conditions
- "How fast when HIT?"
- Participants watched multiple car crash
- Experiment 2
- 3 groups watched a crash
- 2 were given indications of speed while the 3rd got no indication
- 3 weeks later
- "Was there broken glass?"
- Smashed Most likely to say yes
- "Was there broken glass?"
- Hit
- Smashed
- 3 weeks later
- 2 were given indications of speed while the 3rd got no indication
- 3 groups watched a crash
- Leading questions affect accuracy
- However
- Challenged by Berkerian and Bowers
- Misleading information affects retreival
- Video is not as emotinally arousing
- (Yuille and Cutshaw) Accurate recall in real-life sit. despite misleading info
- Challenged by Berkerian and Bowers
- However
- Experiment 1
- Individual differences
- Wells and olsen
- Males and Females are the same
- Schachter et al
- Older = More difficult but = to kids
- Wells and olsen
- Loftus and Palmer - 1974
- Affecting factors
- Anxiety
- Deffenbacher et al
- Meta Analysis
- Showed anxiety reduced accuracy
- Meta Analysis
- Loftus - 1979
- Independent groups
- Condition 1
- Man came out with pen
- 49% Correct
- Man came out with pen
- Condition 2
- Man came out with knife and blood
- 33% accurate
- Man came out with knife and blood
- Shown 50 photographs after man came to identify him
- Condition 1
- High ecological validity
- Ethically - Stressed participants
- When anxious and aroused = Focus on weapon at expense of other details
- Independent groups
- Deffenbacher et al
- Age of witess
- Valentine & Coxon - 1997
- 3 Independent groups watched a video of a kidnapping
- Children
- Gave most incorrect to Leading questions
- Young adults
- Elderly
- Both gave most incorrect answers to non-leading
- Children
- Gave most incorrect to Leading questions
- Children
- Both gave most incorrect answers to non-leading
- Then they were asked leading and non-leading Questons
- Children
- Age has an effect on EWT
- Lacks external Validity
- 3 Independent groups watched a video of a kidnapping
- Memon et al
- Longer delay = Older less accurate
- Parker and Carranza
- Children make more errors
- Valentine & Coxon - 1997
- Anxiety
- Cognitive Interview
- What it is
- Report everything
- Recreate original context
- Change the order of events
- Change perspective
- Geisleman - 1986
- Independent groups
- P's were either questioned from a staged event with either:
- Cognitive interview
- Less likely to mistake the colour of the rucksack
- Standard interview
- Thief with Blue rucksack
- Cognitive interview
- Thief with Blue rucksack
- P's were either questioned from a staged event with either:
- Lacks ecological validity
- Independent groups
- Kohnken et al
- Meta-analysis - 34% increase in accuracy
- Time-Consuming
- Greater demand on interviews with enhanced CI
- What it is
- Further research evidence
- Strategies of Memory improvement
- Models of Memory
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