Carbon Cycle Key Knowledge
- Created by: Isabel Townend
- Created on: 09-03-19 15:19
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- Carbon Cycle
- = biogeochemical process by which carbon is which carbon is sequestered and moved between stores via process’. Global scale = closed system Local scale = subsystems interact
- Biological
- Lithosphere, 100,000,000 PgC + Fossil fuels 4,000Pgc Oceans Deep, 38,000PgC
- Weathering & Decom - trans - sedim - lithification (Volcanic outgas 50PgC)
- Bio, food web - Carbon pump, decom/dissolve inorganic carbon sedimentation - Physical, thermohaline deep 10% more
- Lithosphere, 100,000,000 PgC + Fossil fuels 4,000Pgc Oceans Deep, 38,000PgC
- Geological
- Oceans Surface, 1,000Pgc Biosphere 2,060Pgc Atmosphere, 560Pgc
- 92 seques, 90 released, 90% excess heat from CC, 50x atmosphere carbon
- Photosyn, respiration, food web, decom
- Soils 20-30% global carbon (in)organic matter, hummus is 60% carbon
- Rainforest 17% terrestrial carbon, Hardwood trees Brazil nut
- Atmo store ?240, 4/yr, while veg ?30 and FF?365
- Land-Atmo from FF, flux ?7.8, from land use changes ?1.1
- smallest stores, quickest greatest fluxes can be influenced by humans
- Atmo-Bio 103yr Photosynthesis
- Oceans Surface, 1,000Pgc Biosphere 2,060Pgc Atmosphere, 560Pgc
- Biological
- = biogeochemical process by which carbon is which carbon is sequestered and moved between stores via process’. Global scale = closed system Local scale = subsystems interact
- biggest stores, slowest smaller fluxes but can’t be influenced by humans
- Ocean-Lith = 0.2yr Sedimentation
- Greenhouse effect
- Shortwave - 31% reflected by clouds - 69% (50% Oceans) absorbed converted into heat - radiated infrared - some pass thru atmosp - majority absorbed GHG - reradiated back - heat trapped
- 1900 never above 300 ppm 1950 350ppm, 2018 409ppm, (nothing done) 2100 900ppm, more co2, more IR trapped, more warming
- Global warming
- Last 40yrs ?0.6C, IPCC 1.5C reach in 2030
- 2100 1.5C sea level rise 10cm lower than 2C
- For 1.5C limited rise: Global CO2 has to reduce 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, renewable provide 85% energy, coal use 0, size of australia needed for energy crops, net emissions 2050 0
- Mitigation = prevents hazard happening, stop global warming eg. Steel industry 7-9% all CO2, ‘Hybrit’
- Alternatives to FF
- Bristol estuary 15m tidal range, hydro power, threaten 85,000 birds
- 7th Aug Scot wind powered day
- 90% Brazil engines flex fuel, sugarcane plant doubled, deforestation cancel ? emissions
- Alternatives to FF
- Adaptation = live alongside hazard, adjust to warmer world/CO2 world, eg. CCS last 20-30yrs
- Forest covers 30% world, 1.1% contribute to global economy 36 football pitches per minute, China’s 4,500km green wall
- Mitigation = prevents hazard happening, stop global warming eg. Steel industry 7-9% all CO2, ‘Hybrit’
- For 1.5C limited rise: Global CO2 has to reduce 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, renewable provide 85% energy, coal use 0, size of australia needed for energy crops, net emissions 2050 0
- By 2100: Usual = 4C rise, Some, Strong, Aggressive mitigation 1.5C
- Columbia glacier, Alaska: 1902-2001 10 miles 10 yrs, 2001-2010 100 miles 10yrs (Cryoconite holes)
- Currently being done?
- UN ‘roadmaps’ countries ‘carrot+stick’ measures
- Kyoto protocol 1997 aim cut GHG emission 5% on 1990 levels by 2012, by 2012 emission 22.6% lower, but 2015 65% increase since 1990
- 1900 5,972TWh, 1950 20,138TWh, 2018 135,051TWh (Kuznets curve?)
- Energy security = uninterrupted availability of energy sources @ affordable price
- Intensity = country energy efficiency use
- Mix = mix of energy sources that meet a countries demand
- Pathway = route taken by energy from source - consumption
- UK 4th gas importer, Russia 2nd producer, 2015 UK doubled Russian gas export
- France 74% nuclear, Uganda 50% renewables
- China & USA, biggest energy consumers 80%< fossil fuels
- Pathway = route taken by energy from source - consumption
- Mix = mix of energy sources that meet a countries demand
- USA, 59,000GDP, 10Kw per capita, S.Africa 6000GDP 4Kw per capita
- Intensity = country energy efficiency use
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