C6.
- Created by: superlouasaur
- Created on: 23-04-15 17:09
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- C6- Chemical synthesis
- Industrial chemical synthesis
- Makes useful products
- Scale- chemicals can be produced on a large or small scale
- small scale- pharmaceuticals
- Large scale- sulfuric acid
- Sectors eg. pharmaceuticals, toiletries and cleaning products
- Acids and alkalis
- Indicators and pH meters can be used to determine pH
- Neutralization reactions between acids and alkalis make salts
- Acid+ alkali--> salt+ water
- H+ +OH- --> H20
- Acids reacting with metals
- Acid + metal --> Salt + Hydrogen
- The more reactive the metal, the faster the reaction
- hydrochloric acid- chloride
- Sulfuric acid- sulfate
- Oxides, hydroxides and carbonates
- Metal oxides and metal hydroxides reacts with acids
- Acid + Metal oxide--> Salt + water
- Acid+ Metal hydroxide --> Salt+ water
- Synthesising compounds
- 1- choosing the reaction
- 2- risk assessment
- 3- calculating the quantities of reactants
- 4- choosing the apparatus and conditions
- 5- isolating the product
- 6- Purification
- 7- measuring yield and purity
- Calculating masses in reactions
- 1- write out the balanced equation
- 2- work out FM, and multiply by the number in front of the formula ( just the two bits you want)
- 3- apply the rule: divide to get one, the multiply to get all (but you have to apply this first to the substance they give information about, and then the other one)
- Purification and measuring yield
- Isolating the product and purification use similar techniques
- use filtration, evaporation and crystallization, and drying
- Percentage yield= actual yield(g)/ theoretical yield (g) x100
- Actual yield- mass of pure, dry product
- Theoretical yield- maximum possible mass of pure product
- Percentage yield- the actual yield of the product as a percentage
- Titrations
- Using a burette
- neutralization reaction
- Solids can't be used to carry out titrations so must be a solution
- Purity
- Some products need to be very pure
- Titrations can be used to measure the purity of a substance
- % purity = calculated mass of substance/ mass of impure substance at start x100
- Energy transfer in reactions
- exothermic and endothermic
- endothermic takes in energy
- exothermic gives out energy
- energy level diagrams show exo or endothermic
- Energy management is important to control reactions
- exothermic and endothermic
- Rates of reaction
- Rate of reaction must be controlled for:
- Saftey
- Economicreasons
- Increased rate caused by :
- Temperature
- concentration
- Catalysts
- More surface area
- Rate of reaction must be controlled for:
- Collision theory
- more collisions increases the rate ofreaction
- temp, conc, surface area and catalys increase collisions
- Measuring rates of reaction
- Rate of reaction = amount of reactant used or amount of product formed/ time
- 3 ways to measure-
- precipitate and colour change
- Change in mass (gas given off)
- The volume of gas
- Industrial chemical synthesis
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