Biology burt
- Created by: Emilyburkee
- Created on: 08-03-21 17:22
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- Bio mock blurt
- Biological moles
- polymers of glucose
- starch
- amylopectin
- -same as amylose but has more 1-6 meaning it has a branched structure
- amylose
- -alpha glucose, 1-4 glycosidic bonds. -helical
- amylopectin
- glycogen
- lots of 1-6 meaning it is highly branched
- cellulose
- beta glucose, everyother mole= inverted giving it a straight and rigid structure
- beta pleted sheet = h bonds between the layers = strong
- benidicts solution = brick red
- if non- reducing = hydrolyse then neutralise
- starch
- Lipids
- triglycerides
- x 1 glycerol. x 3 fatty acids
- saturated = solid at room temp
- unsaturated = C=C solid
- x 1 glycerol. x 3 fatty acids
- phospholipids
- x1 glycerol. x1 phosphate group x2 fatty acids
- hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
- x1 glycerol. x1 phosphate group x2 fatty acids
- insoluble in water + long store e
- emulsion test = ethanol water shake
- ester bomnd
- triglycerides
- proteins
- primary structure
- the order of amino acids
- secondary structure
- simple folding in sections of the polypeptide due to hydrogen bonding
- tertiary structure
- 3D folding due to interactions between R-groups
- quaternary structure
- multiple polypeptide chains
- bueriet test - blue to violt
- primary structure
- polymers of glucose
- structure and replication of prokaryotes
- no membrane bound organelles no nucleus cell wall from meurin flagellum 70s ribosomes
- no histones capsule
- binary fission
- DNA rebelicate and bind to membrane, membrane pinches and cytoplams splits
- virues
- tiny, acellular non living
- trverse transcriptase attachment proteins capsule rna lipid envelope
- binds to membrane releses enzymes and rna
- reverse transcriptase RNA-DNA and intergrase incorporates it in sytheisi of viral proteins
- no membrane bound organelles no nucleus cell wall from meurin flagellum 70s ribosomes
- Genetic code and protein synthesis
- codon = 3 bases
- histones
- anti parrallel, stable and helical
- degenerate = multiple codons can code for the same amino acid
- non-overlapping and universal
- introns = non-coding and exons = coding
- allele = different form of same gene
- gene= sectio of DNA which codes for a specific protien
- transcription
- DNA helicase = breaks h bonds between complementary bases
- free RNA nucleotides join condensed by RNA polymerase
- introns are spliced out
- free RNA nucleotides join condensed by RNA polymerase
- DNA helicase = breaks h bonds between complementary bases
- translation
- 2 codons bind to ribosome - START codon
- tRNA with comp anticodon binds bringing specific amino acid
- repeats with peptide bonds formed between aa
- Stop codon = protein folds
- repeats with peptide bonds formed between aa
- tRNA with comp anticodon binds bringing specific amino acid
- 2 codons bind to ribosome - START codon
- variation and natural selection
- genetic diversity = number of different alleles in a given pop
- mutation
- deletion and addition = frame shift= non functional protein
- subsitution= can have 0 effect
- chromosonal = occur on whole chromosome
- non disjuntion
- meosis
- crossing over= chiasmata forms- parts of chromosomes assosiate and sawp = new combo of genes
- independent assortment = chromosomes randomly pulled to diff dells
- diff combos of maternal and paternal
- random fertilisation
- second divison chromotids split at centromere
- natural selection
- variation = random, could lead to desirable trait
- increases chance of survival
- outcompetes
- reproduces
- increae in allele frequency
- reproduces
- outcompetes
- increases chance of survival
- variation = random, could lead to desirable trait
- immunity and antibodies
- b cells
- b cell with complementary tertiary structured antiboys on surface bind to antigen
- this in combination with the binding of Th cells causes colonal expansion
- mitosis
- many plasma b cells which all produce same monocolonal antibody
- mitosis
- this in combination with the binding of Th cells causes colonal expansion
- b cell with complementary tertiary structured antiboys on surface bind to antigen
- antibodies
- 4 polypeptides
- 2 heavy, 2 light chains
- variable regions and constant region
- agglutination
- one antibody binds to multiple antigens
- prevents antigen from binding
- one antibody binds to multiple antigens
- neutralisation
- antibody binds + prevents it from binding
- 4 polypeptides
- vaccinations
- active artifical immunity
- pathogen/ antigen intoduced
- induces primary immune resopnse
- ready for secondary
- induces primary immune resopnse
- pathogen/ antigen intoduced
- active artifical immunity
- b cells
- digestion and absorption
- proteins
- endopepdiases = inner peptide bonds
- exopeptidaes - outer peptide bonds
- dipeptidases - between 2 amino acids
- exopeptidaes - outer peptide bonds
- absorption = co or active transport
- endopepdiases = inner peptide bonds
- lipids
- bile salts emulsify= high SA for lipase
- absorption
- micelles enter cell and arrive at golgi- triglerides
- associated with a protein = chylomicrons
- vesicle to the blood
- associated with a protein = chylomicrons
- micelles enter cell and arrive at golgi- triglerides
- carbs
- salivary amylase = startch to maltose
- denatured
- pancratic amylase = rest to maltose
- membrane-bound disaccarides
- maltose to glucose
- membrane-bound disaccarides
- pancratic amylase = rest to maltose
- denatured
- co-transport
- NA pumped out actively
- NA diffuse back in with glucose via carrier protein one with one against GC
- glucose diffuses out
- NA diffuse back in with glucose via carrier protein one with one against GC
- NA pumped out actively
- salivary amylase = startch to maltose
- proteins
- cardiac cycle
- diastole- relaxation of heart mucles
- blood flows in as valves open
- atrial systole
- atria contract
- p in a = higher than vein
- semi lunar close
- atria contract
- ventricular systole
- ventricles contract
- p in V higher than A so AV closes
- semilunar opens
- blood flows out
- semilunar opens
- p in V higher than A so AV closes
- ventricles contract
- diastole- relaxation of heart mucles
- Biological moles
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